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Mobile QR Code QR CODE : The Transactions of the Korean Institute of Electrical Engineers
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  1. (R & D Center, MOTONIC, Co., Ltd)
  2. (Department of Electrical Engineering, College of IT Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Korea)



Shunt resistors, Motors, Modulation index, Sample-and-hold

1. ์„œ๋ก 

์ธ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ์˜ ๋ฒกํ„ฐ์ œ์–ด๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ์‹ค์‹œ๊ฐ„์œผ๋กœ 3์ƒ ์ „๋ฅ˜์˜ ์ธก์ •์ด ํ•„์ˆ˜์ ์ด๋‹ค. (1-2) ์ƒ์ „๋ฅ˜๋ฅผ ์ธก์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์—๋Š” ์ „๋ฅ˜ ์„ผ์„œ(Current Transformer)๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๊ณผ ์…˜ํŠธ์ €ํ•ญ(Shunt resistor)์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ์ „๋ฅ˜ ์ธก์ • ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์€ ๋Œ€์šฉ๋Ÿ‰ ์ธ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ 3๊ฐœ์˜ ์ „๋ฅ˜ ์„ผ์„œ๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ 3์ƒ์˜ ์ „๋ฅ˜๋ฅผ ์ธก์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ด๋‚˜, ์ค‘/์†Œ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰ ์ธ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋Š” 2๊ฐœ์˜ ์ „๋ฅ˜ ์„ผ์„œ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ „๋ฅ˜๋ฅผ ์ธก์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋„ ๋งŽ๋‹ค. ์ฆ‰, 2๊ฐœ์˜ ์ „๋ฅ˜ ์„ผ์„œ๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ 2์ƒ์˜ ์ „๋ฅ˜๋ฅผ ์ธก์ •ํ•˜๊ณ , ๋‚˜๋จธ์ง€ ํ•œ์ƒ์˜ ์ƒ์ „๋ฅ˜๋Š” 3์ƒ ์ „๋ฅ˜์˜ ํ•ฉ์€ โ€˜0โ€™์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ตฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ „๋ฅ˜ ์„ผ์„œ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ ์ „๋ฅ˜ ์ธก์ • ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์€ ์•ˆ์ •์ ์ด์–ด์„œ ๋งŽ์ด ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ €์šฉ๋Ÿ‰, ์ €๊ฐ€ ์ธ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ ๊ตฌํ˜„ํ•  ๋•Œ์—๋Š” ๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ ๋ฐ ๋ถ€ํ”ผ ๋“ฑ์— ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์ €์šฉ๋Ÿ‰์ด๋‚˜ ์ €๊ฐ€ ์ธ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์—์„œ๋Š” ์…˜ํŠธ์ €ํ•ญ์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ „๋ฅ˜๋ฅผ ์ธก์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ด๋‹ค.

์…˜ํŠธ์ €ํ•ญ์„ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ์ „๋ฅ˜ ์ธก์ • ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์€ ํ•˜๋‹จ IGBT(Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor)์˜ ์ด๋ฏธํ„ฐ(Emitter)์™€ ์ง๋ฅ˜๋งํฌ์˜ ์Œ๊ทน ๋‹จ์ž ์‚ฌ์ด์— ์…˜ํŠธ์ €ํ•ญ์„ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐํ•˜์—ฌ ์ „๋ฅ˜๋ฅผ ์ธก์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด๋‹ค. ์ด ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์€ ํ•˜๋‹จ ์Šค์œ„์น˜๊ฐ€ ์ผœ์ ธ ์žˆ์„ ๋•Œ, ์…˜ํŠธ์ €ํ•ญ์˜ ์–‘๋‹จ์— ๊ฑธ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ „์•• ๊ฐ•ํ•˜๋ฅผ ์ธก์ •ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ƒ์ „๋ฅ˜๋ฅผ ์ธก์ •ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ „๋ฅ˜ ์„ผ์„œ์— ๋น„ํ•ด ๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ์ด ์ €๋ ดํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ถ€ํ”ผ๊ฐ€ ์ž‘์•„ ์‚ฐ์—…๊ณ„์—์„œ ๋งŽ์ด ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค (3-9) . ์…˜ํŠธ์ €ํ•ญ์„ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ์ „๋ฅ˜๋ฅผ ์ธก์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์—๋Š” 1 ์…˜ํŠธ์ €ํ•ญ์„ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ๋ฐฉ์‹๊ณผ (3-6) 2 ์…˜ํŠธ ์ €ํ•ญ์„ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ๋ฐฉ์‹ (7) ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  3 ์…˜ํŠธ์ €ํ•ญ์„ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ๋ฐฉ์‹์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค (8-(9) . 3 ์…˜ํŠธ์ €ํ•ญ์„ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ์ƒ์ „๋ฅ˜ ์ธก์ • ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์€ ๋ชจํ„ฐ์˜ ์ง€๋ น ์†๋„๊ฐ€ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ธ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ์˜ ์ถœ๋ ฅ์ด ๋†’์•„์งˆ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ธ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ ์ƒ๋‹จ ์Šค์œ„์น˜์˜ ํ„ด ์˜จ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜๊ณ  ํ•˜๋‹จ ์Šค์œ„์น˜์˜ ํ„ด ์˜จ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ๊ฐ์†Œํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ƒ์ „๋ฅ˜์˜ ์ธก์ •์€ ํ•˜๋‹จ ์Šค์œ„์นญ ์‹ ํ˜ธ์˜ ์ •์ค‘์•™์—์„œ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ทธ ์ดํ›„์— AD๋ณ€ํ™˜์„ ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ํ•˜๋‹จ ์Šค์œ„์น˜์˜ ํ„ด ์˜จ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ์งง์•„ ์ƒ์ „๋ฅ˜ ์‹ ํ˜ธ๊ฐ€ AD๋ณ€ํ™˜ ์™„๋ฃŒ ์ด์ „์— ํ„ด ์˜คํ”„ ๋˜๋ฏ€๋กœ ์ •์ƒ์ ์ธ ์ „๋ฅ˜ ์ธก์ •์ด ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜์—ฌ 3์ƒ ์ „๋ฅ˜๋ฅผ ๋ณต์›ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋Š” ์˜์—ญ์ด ์กด์žฌํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๋ฌธ์ œ์ ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ฌธ์ œ์ ์„ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์˜ˆ์ธก ์ „๋ฅ˜๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ์ „๋ฅ˜ ๋ณต์› ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• (10,11) ๊ณผ ์ „์•• ์ฃผ์ž… ๋ฐฉ์‹ (12,13) ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ณผ๋ณ€์กฐ ๋ฐฉ์‹์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ (14) ๊ฐ€ ์ง„ํ–‰๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์˜ˆ์ธก ์ „๋ฅ˜๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ์ „๋ฅ˜ ๋ณต์› ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์€ ์—ญ๊ธฐ์ „๋ ฅ ๊ด€์ธก๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์—ญ๊ธฐ์ „๋ ฅ์„ ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์ˆœ์‹œ ์ „๋ฅ˜๋ฅผ ์˜ˆ์ธกํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‹์ด๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ณผ๋ณ€์กฐ ์˜์—ญ์—์„œ์˜ ์‹ค์ œ ์ถœ๋ ฅ์ „์••์€ ์ง€๋ น ๊ฐ’๊ณผ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—, ์ด๊ฒƒ์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์œผ๋ฉด ์˜ˆ์ธก ์ „๋ฅ˜์™€ ์‹ค์ œ ๊ฐ’ ์‚ฌ์ด์— ์˜ค์ฐจ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, ์ „๋ฅ˜๊ฐ’์„ ๋ณต์žกํ•œ ์—ญ๊ธฐ์ „๋ ฅ ๊ด€์ธก๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•˜์—ฌ ์˜ˆ์ธกํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— MCU์˜ ์—ฐ์‚ฐ์— ๋งŽ์€ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ์†Œ์š”๋˜๋ฉฐ, ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์…˜ํŠธ์ €ํ•ญ์ด ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๋Š” ์ €๊ฐ€์˜ ์ธ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ์˜ H/W ์„ฑ๋Šฅ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ๊ฐ๋‹นํ•˜๊ธฐ ์–ด๋ ต๋‹ค. ๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์ „์•• ์ฃผ์ž… ๋ฐฉ์‹์„ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ๊ตฌ๋™ ๋ฐฉ์‹์€ ์ •์ƒ์ ์ธ ์ „๋ฅ˜๋ฅผ ์ธก์ •ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ T MIN ์ดํ•˜์˜ T x_off ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋Š” ๊ตฌ๊ฐ„์— ์ž„์˜๋กœ ์ „์••์„ ์ธ๊ฐ€์‹œ์ผœ T MIN ์ด์ƒ์˜ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ ๊ฐ–๋„๋ก ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‹์ด๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ด ๋ฐฉ์‹์€ ์ „๋ฅ˜ ๋ฆฌํ”Œ์ด ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ž‘๋‹ค๊ณ  ์•Œ๋ ค์ง„ ๋Œ€์นญ SVPWM์„ ๋น„๋Œ€์นญ SVPWM์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐ”๊พธ๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋ฏ€๋กœ ์ „๋ฅ˜ ๋ฆฌํ”Œ ์ฆ‰ ํ† ํฌ ๋ฆฌํ”Œ์ด ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋Š” ๋‹จ์ ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜, ์ž„์˜๋กœ ์ธ๊ฐ€ํ•  ์ „์••์„ ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด MCU์˜ ์—ฐ์‚ฐ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ์ถ”๊ฐ€๋กœ ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค. ์„ธ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ๊ณผ์ „๋ฅ˜ ๋ฐฉ์‹์€ ๋ฒกํ„ฐ ๊ณต๊ฐ„ ๋‚ด์—์„œ ์„ ํ˜• ์ œ์–ด๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์„ ๊ธฐ์ค€์œผ๋กœ ๊ณผ๋ณ€์กฐ๋ฅผ ์‹œ์ผœ ์ œ์–ดํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‹์ด๋‹ค. ์ด ๋ฐฉ์‹์€ SVPWM์˜ ๊ณผ๋ณ€์กฐ๋กœ ํ† ํฌ ๋ฆฌํ”Œ์ด ์ฆ๋Œ€ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฌธ์ œ์ ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค.

๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ธฐ์กด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋‹จ์ ์ธ ๋ณต์žกํ•œ ์—ฐ์‚ฐ ๋ฐฉ์‹๊ณผ ํ† ํฌ ๋ฆฌํ”Œ ์ฆ๋Œ€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ•ด๊ฒฐ ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ์œผ๋กœ 3 ์…˜ํŠธ์ €ํ•ญ์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ธก์ •๋œ ์ƒ์ „๋ฅ˜์˜ ์‹ ํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ํ•˜๋“œ์›จ์–ด์ ์œผ๋กœ ์‹ ํ˜ธ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌํ•˜์—ฌ ์ „๋ฅ˜ ์ธก์ • ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ ์ฆ๋Œ€์‹œ์ผœ ์ „์•• ๋ณ€์กฐ์ง€์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์ฆ๊ฐ€์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํ•˜๋“œ์›จ์–ด์ ์ธ ์ „๋ฅ˜ ์ธก์ • ์‹ ํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ตœ์†Œํ•œ์˜ ์ƒ๋‹จ ์Šค์œ„์น˜ ์˜คํ”„(Switch off)์‹œ๊ฐ„์ธ T MIN ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ถ„์„์„ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. T MIN ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ์ค‘์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋งŽ์€ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ ์ฐจ์ง€ํ•˜๋Š” AD ๋ณ€ํ™˜ ์‹œ๊ฐ„(T AD )์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฐ›์ง€ ์•Š๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ ์ƒ˜ํ”Œ-์•ค๋“œ-ํ™€๋“œ(S/H, sample-and-hold) ํšŒ๋กœ๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ „๋ฅ˜ ์‹ ํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ธ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ์— ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ S/H ํšŒ๋กœ๋ฅผ ๊ทธ๋Œ€๋กœ ์ ์šฉํ•˜๊ธฐ์—๋Š” ๋ช‡ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋ฌธ์ œ์ ์ด ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋ฅผ ๊ฐœ์„ ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ ๊ฐœ์„ ๋œ S/H ํšŒ๋กœ๋ฅผ ์ œ์•ˆํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ธฐ๋ณธ์ ์ธ ํšŒ๋กœ ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜์„ ํ†ตํ•ด S/H ํšŒ๋กœ์˜ ์ ์šฉ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์‹ค์ œ ๋ชจํ„ฐ ์ธ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ ๊ตฌ๋™ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์„ ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•˜์—ฌ ์‹ค์ œ S/H ํšŒ๋กœ๊ฐ€ ์ ์šฉ๋œ ์ธ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ์˜ ์ „์•• ๋ณ€์กฐ์ง€ ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. S/H ํšŒ๋กœ๊ฐ€ ๋ฏธ์ ์šฉ๋œ ์ธ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ๊ณผ S/H ํšŒ๋กœ๊ฐ€ ์ ์šฉ๋œ ์ธ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ์˜ ์ „์•• ๋ณ€์กฐ์ง€์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.

2. 3 ์…˜ํŠธ์ €ํ•ญ์„ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ๊ธฐ์กด์˜ ์ƒ์ „๋ฅ˜ ์ธก์ • ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•

2.1 ์ƒ์ „๋ฅ˜ ๊ฒ€์ถœ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•

3๊ฐœ์˜ ์…˜ํŠธ์ €ํ•ญ์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ƒ์ „๋ฅ˜๋ฅผ ๊ฒ€์ถœํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์€ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 1๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค. 3์ƒ ํ’€ ๋ธŒ๋ฆฟ์ง€(Full bridge) ํšŒ๋กœ์—์„œ ํ•˜๋‹จ IGBT์˜ ์ด๋ฏธํ„ฐ์™€ ์ง๋ฅ˜ ๋งํฌ ์Œ๊ทน ๋‹จ์ž ์‚ฌ์ด์— ์…˜ํŠธ์ €ํ•ญ์„ ๊ฐ ์ƒ๋งˆ๋‹ค ์—ฐ๊ฒฐํ•œ๋‹ค. ์…˜ํŠธ์ €ํ•ญ์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ „๋ฅ˜๋ฅผ ์ธก์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์€ ํ•˜๋‹จ IGBT๊ฐ€ ์ผœ์ง€๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋ฉด ์…˜ํŠธ์ €ํ•ญ์— ์ „๋ฅ˜๊ฐ€ ํ๋ฅด๋ฉด์„œ ์…˜ํŠธ์ €ํ•ญ ์–‘๋‹จ์— ์ „์••์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒ๋˜๋Š” ์›๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•œ๋‹ค. OP-AMP์—์„œ ์ถœ๋ ฅ๋˜๋Š” ์ƒ์ „๋ฅ˜ ์‹ ํ˜ธ๋Š” ํ•˜๋‹จ ์Šค์œ„์น˜๊ฐ€ ์˜จ(On) ๋  ๋•Œ๋งŒ ์ „๋ฅ˜ ์ธก์ •์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๋ฏ€๋กœ ํŽ„์Šค(Pulse) ํ˜•ํƒœ์˜ ์ถœ๋ ฅ ํ˜•์ƒ์ด ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ „๋ฅ˜ ํŽ„์Šค ์‹ ํ˜ธ๋Š” ํ•˜๋‹จ ์Šค์œ„์น˜์˜ ์ผœ์ง€๋Š” ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ๊ธธ๋ฉด ํŽ„์Šค์˜ ์œ ์ง€ ์‹œ๊ฐ„๋„ ๊ธธ์–ด์ง€๊ณ  ์ „๋ฅ˜ ์ธก์ •์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ๊ธธ์–ด์ง€๊ณ , ์ผœ์ง€๋Š” ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ์งง์œผ๋ฉด ํŽ„์Šค ์œ ์ง€์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ์งง์•„์ ธ ์ „๋ฅ˜ ์ธก์ •์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ์งง์•„์ง„๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ด์œ ๋กœ 3์ƒ ์…˜ํŠธ์ €ํ•ญ์„ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ์ „๋ฅ˜ ์ธก์ •์—๋Š” ์ „๋ฅ˜ ์ธก์ • ์‹œ ์ตœ์†Œํ•œ์˜ ์˜๋ฒกํ„ฐ ๊ตฌ๊ฐ„์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๊ทธ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ์ „์•• ๋ณ€์กฐ์ง€์ˆ˜์˜ ๊ฐ์†Œ๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚œ๋‹ค.

๊ทธ๋ฆผ. 1. 3 ์…˜ํŠธ์ €ํ•ญ์„ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ์ƒ์ „๋ฅ˜ ์ธก์ •

Fig. 1. Phase current measurement using 3 shunt resistors

../../Resources/kiee/KIEE.2018.67.3.374/fig1.png

๊ทธ๋ฆผ. 2. ์ „๋ฅ˜ ์ธก์ •์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ์ตœ์†Œ์‹œ๊ฐ„

Fig. 2. Minimum time to measure a current

../../Resources/kiee/KIEE.2018.67.3.374/fig2.png

2.2 3์ƒ ์…˜ํŠธ์ €ํ•ญ์„ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ์ •์ƒ์ ์ธ ์ƒ์ „๋ฅ˜ ์ธก์ •

3์ƒ ์…˜ํŠธ์ €ํ•ญ์„ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ์ •์ƒ์ ์ธ ์ƒ์ „๋ฅ˜ ์ธก์ • ๊ตฌ๊ฐ„์˜ ์Šค์œ„์นญ ํŒจํ„ด์€ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 2์™€ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค. $S _ { Ha }$์™€ $S _ { La }$๋Š” ๊ฐ๊ฐ ์ธ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ a์ƒ์˜ ์ƒ๋‹จ๊ณผ ํ•˜๋‹จ ์Šค์œ„์น˜์˜ ์˜จ/์˜คํ”„ ์‹ ํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ธ๋‹ค. $i _ { a }$๋Š” OP-AMP ํšŒ๋กœ์—์„œ ์ถœ๋ ฅ๋˜๋Š” a์ƒ์˜ ์ „๋ฅ˜์‹ ํ˜ธ์ด๋ฉฐ $T _ { a"_"off }$๋Š” a์ƒ ์ƒ๋‹จ ์Šค์œ„์น˜์˜ ์˜คํ”„ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด๋‹ค. $T _ { DT }$๋Š” ์Šค์œ„์นญ ์†Œ์ž์˜ ์•”์‡ผํŠธ(Arm-short) ๋ฐฉ์ง€๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋ฐ๋“œํƒ€์ž„(Dead Time)์ด๋ฉฐ, $S _ { Ha }$์˜ ํ„ด์˜คํ”„ ์ดํ›„ $T _ { DT }$ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ๊ฒฝ๊ณผํ•œ ํ›„ $S _ { La }$๊ฐ€ ์ผœ์ง€๊ฒŒ ๋˜๊ณ , ๋งˆ์ฐฌ๊ฐ€์ง€๋กœ $S _ { Ha }$์ด ํ„ด ์˜จ ํ•˜๊ธฐ $T _ { DT }$ ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ์ „์— $S _ { La }$๊ฐ€ ๊บผ์ง€๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. $T _ { AD }$(Analog to Digital Conversion Time)์€ OP-AMP์—์„œ ์ถœ๋ ฅ๋˜๋Š” ์•„๋‚ ๋กœ๊ทธ(Analog) ์ƒ์ „๋ฅ˜ ์‹ ํ˜ธ๋ฅผ MCU(Micro Controller Unit)์—์„œ ๋””์ง€ํ„ธ(Digital)์‹ ํ˜ธ๋กœ ๋ณ€ํ™˜ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ํ•„์š”ํ•œ AD ๋ณ€ํ™˜ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด๋‹ค. $T _ { RT }$๋Š” ์ƒ์Šน ๋ฐ ์ •์ฐฉ์‹œ๊ฐ„(Rising and Settling Time)์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ์ธ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ ์Šค์œ„์น˜๊ฐ€ ์ผœ์ง€๋Š” ์‹œ๊ฐ„๊ณผ OP-AMP์˜ ์Šฌ๋ฃจ ๋ ˆ์ดํŠธ(Slew rate)์— ์˜ํ•œ ์‹ ํ˜ธ ์ง€์—ฐ์‹œ๊ฐ„, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ํ„ด ์˜จ ์‹ ํ˜ธ์˜ ์ƒ๋‹จ์—์„œ ๋ฐœ์ƒ๋˜๋Š” ๋ง์ž‰(Ringing)์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ ํ•ฉํ•œ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด๋‹ค.

์ „๋ฅ˜ ์ธก์ • ์‹œ์ ์€ ์ „๋ฅ˜ ๋ฆฌํ”Œ์ด ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋‚ฎ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์•Œ๋ ค์ง„ ๋Œ€์นญ SVPWM์ด ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๊ฐ€์ •ํ•˜๋ฉด, ์‚ผ๊ฐํŒŒ ํŽ„์Šค์˜ ๋งจ ์•„๋žซ๋ถ€๋ถ„์ด ๋˜๊ณ , ์ƒ๋‹จ๊ณผ ํ•˜๋‹จ ์Šค์œ„์น˜ ์˜คํ”„ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์˜ ์ •์ค‘์•™์ด ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ •ํ™•ํ•œ ์ƒ์ „๋ฅ˜ ์‹ ํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ์ธก์ •ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ์ „๋ฅ˜ ์ธก์ • ์‹œ์  ์ด์ „์— $T _ { DT }$์™€ $T _ { RT }$๊ฐ€ ํ™•๋ณด๋˜์–ด์•ผ ํ•˜๊ณ , ์ „๋ฅ˜ ์ธก์ • ์‹œ์  ์ดํ›„์—๋„ $T _ { AD }$์™€ $T _ { DT }$๊ฐ€ ํ™•๋ณด๋˜์–ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋‘ ์กฐ๊ฑด์„ ๋™์‹œ์— ๋งŒ์กฑํ•˜๋Š” ์ตœ์†Œ์‹œ๊ฐ„ $T _ { MIN }$์€ ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค.

(1)

$T _ { MIN } =2max(T _ { DT } +T _ { RT } , T _ { DT } +T _ { AD } )$

๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ $T _ { RT } <<T _ { AD }$ ์ด๋ฏ€๋กœ, ์‹ (1)์€ ์‹ค์งˆ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค.

(2)

$T _ { MIN } =2 \left ( T _ { DT } +T _ { AD } \right )$

์ฆ‰, ์ƒ๋‹จ ์Šค์œ„์น˜ ์˜คํ”„ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ์‹ (2)์˜ $T _ { MIN }$ ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๋ณด๋‹ค ์ปค์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค.

(3)

$T _ { x"_"off } \geq T _ { MIN }$

์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ x๋Š” 3์ƒ ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋ฅผ ํ‘œ์‹œํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ฆ‰ x์˜ ๊ฐ’์€ $a, b, c$ ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜์ด๋‹ค. ์ธ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ์˜ ์ƒ์ „๋ฅ˜๋Š” 3์ƒ ์ค‘ 2์ƒ์˜ ์‹ ํ˜ธ๋งŒ ์ •์ƒ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ธก์ •ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด ๋‚˜๋จธ์ง€ ์ƒ์˜ ์ „๋ฅ˜๋ฅผ ๊ณ„์‚ฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ฆ‰, 3์ƒ ์…˜ํŠธ์ €ํ•ญ์„ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ์ „๋ฅ˜ ์ธก์ • ์ธ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ์—์„œ ์„ ํ˜•์ ์ธ ๋ชจํ„ฐ ์ œ์–ด๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” $T _ { x _ { o f f } } \geq T _ { M N }$์„ ๋งŒ์กฑํ•˜๋Š” ์ตœ์†Œ 2์ƒ์˜ ์ƒ์ „๋ฅ˜๊ฐ€ ์ธก์ •๋˜์–ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค.

2.3 3์ƒ ์…˜ํŠธ์ €ํ•ญ์„ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ์ƒ์ „๋ฅ˜ ์ธก์ •์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ์ 

๋ชจํ„ฐ์˜ ์ง€๋ น ์†๋„๊ฐ€ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ธ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ์˜ ์ถœ๋ ฅ์ด ๋†’์•„์งˆ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ3๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด a ์ƒ์˜ ์ƒ๋‹จ ์Šค์œ„์น˜์˜ ํ„ด ์˜จ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ณ  $T _ { a"_"off }$ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ๊ฐ์†Œํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ƒ์ „๋ฅ˜ ์ธก์ •์€ $T _ { a"_"off }$์˜ ์ •์ค‘์•™์—์„œ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜๋ฏ€๋กœ $T _ { RT }$ ์ดํ›„์— $T _ { AD }$๋ฅผ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋Š”๋ฐ $T _ { AD }$ ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ์ด์ „์— ์ „๋ฅ˜ ์‹ ํ˜ธ๊ฐ€ ์˜คํ”„ ๋˜์–ด ์ •์ƒ์ ์ธ AD ๋ณ€ํ™˜์ด ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•ด ์ง„๋‹ค. ์ฆ‰, a์ƒ์€ $T _ { a"_"off } \geq T _ { MIN }$์„ ๋งŒ์กฑํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜๊ณ  ์ •์ƒ์ ์ธ ์ „๋ฅ˜ ์ธก์ •์ด ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•ด์ง„๋‹ค.

์ƒ์ „๋ฅ˜ ์ธก์ •์ด ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ์˜์—ญ์„ ์œก๊ฐํ˜•์˜ ์ „์•• ๋ฒกํ„ฐ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์— ํ‘œ์‹œํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๋ฆผ4์—์„œ ์œก๊ฐํ˜• ๋ชจ์„œ๋ฆฌ ์ง€์ ์˜ ๋ถ‰์€์ƒ‰ ํ˜•ํƒœ์™€ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค. ์ „๋ฅ˜ ์ธก์ •์ด ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ์ง€์ ์„ ์ œ์™ธํ•˜๊ณ  ๋‹ค์‹œ ๊ฐ€์ƒ์˜ ์œก๊ฐํ˜• ์ „์•• ๋ฒกํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ4์˜ ํ™ฉ์ƒ‰ ์œก๊ฐํ˜•๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ , ๊ทธ ์œก๊ฐํ˜•์„ ๋‚ด์ ‘ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ถ‰์€์ƒ‰์˜ ์›์„ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๋ฉด 3์ƒ ์…˜ํŠธ์ €ํ•ญ ์ธ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ์˜ ์„ ํ˜• ๊ตฌ๋™ ์˜์—ญ์ด ๋œ๋‹ค.

3์ƒ ์…˜ํŠธ์ €ํ•ญ์ด ์—†๋Š” ์ธ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ์—์„œ SVPWM(Space Vector Pulse Width Modulation)์„ ํ•  ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, ์„ ํ˜•์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ•ฉ์„ฑํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ƒ์ „์••์˜ ๊ธฐ๋ณธํŒŒ ์„ฑ๋ถ„์˜ ํฌ๊ธฐ๋Š” ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค.

(4)

$V _ { fundmental } (ideal)= \frac{ V _ { DC } } { \sqrt { 3 } }$

๊ทธ๋ฆผ. 3. ์ „๋ฅ˜ ์ธก์ •์ด ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ

Fig. 3. In case that current measurement is not possible

../../Resources/kiee/KIEE.2018.67.3.374/fig3.png

๊ทธ๋ฆผ. 4. ๊ฐ€์ƒ ์ „์•• ๋ฒกํ„ฐ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์˜ ์„ ํ˜• ๊ตฌ๋™ ์˜์—ญ

Fig. 4. The linear operation region in virtual voltage vector space

../../Resources/kiee/KIEE.2018.67.3.374/fig4.png

3์ƒ ์…˜ํŠธ์ €ํ•ญ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, SVPWM์œผ๋กœ PWM ํ•˜์—ฌ๋„, ์ „๋ฅ˜์ธก์ •์ด ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ์˜์—ญ์ด ์กด์žฌํ•˜์—ฌ ์„ ํ˜• ๊ตฌ๋™์˜์—ญ์—์„œ์˜ ์ƒ์ „์••์˜ ๊ธฐ๋ณธํŒŒ ์„ฑ๋ถ„์˜ ํฌ๊ธฐ๋Š” ์•„๋ž˜์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ๊ฐ์†Œํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค.

(5)

$V _ { fundmental } = \frac{ V _ { DC } (1-2f _ { s } T _ { MIN } ) } { \sqrt { 3 } }$

ํ‘œ1๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์กฐ๊ฑด์œผ๋กœ ์ธ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ๋ฅผ SVPWM ํ•  ๋•Œ 3์ƒ ์…˜ํŠธ์ €ํ•ญ ์ธ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ์™€ ์ด์ƒ์ ์ธ ์ธ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ์˜ ์„ ํ˜• ๊ตฌ๋™ ์˜์—ญ๊ณผ ์ „์•• ๋ณ€์กฐ์ง€์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜๋ฉด ํ‘œ2์™€ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค. ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ, ์ „์•• ๋ณ€์กฐ์ง€์ˆ˜ (MI, Modulation Index)๋Š” ์ถœ๋ ฅ ์ƒ์ „์••์˜ ๊ธฐ๋ณธํŒŒ ์„ฑ๋ถ„์˜ ํฌ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ง๋ฅ˜๋‹จ ์ „์••์˜ ํฌ๊ธฐ์˜ ๋น„๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ธ ๊ฐ’์œผ๋กœ ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค.

(6)

$MI \equiv \frac{ V _ { fundmental } } { \frac{ V _ { DC } } { 2 } }$

ํ‘œ 1. ์ธ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ ๊ตฌ๋™ ์กฐ๊ฑด

Table 1. Condition of inverter operation

Parameters

Value

DC-link Voltage

100 [V]

$T _{DT}$

0.65 [ใŽฒ]

$T _{RT}$

2.5 [ใŽฒ]

$T _{AD}$

4.2 [ใŽฒ]

$T _{MIN}$

9.7 [ใŽฒ]

$f _{s}$

10 [kHz]

ํ‘œ 2. ์„ ํ˜•๊ตฌ๋™์˜์—ญ๊ณผ ์ „์•• ๋ณ€์กฐ์ง€์ˆ˜ ๋น„๊ต

Table 2. Comparing of linear operation region and modulation index

Parameters

์ƒ์ „์••์˜ ๊ธฐ๋ณธํŒŒ ์„ฑ๋ถ„์˜ ํฌ๊ธฐ

์ „์••

๋ณ€์กฐ์ง€์ˆ˜

$V _ {$fundmental$} ( i d e a l )$

57.74 [V]

115.5 [%]

$V _ {$ fundmental $}$

46.53 [V]

93.1 [%]

์ด์ƒ์ ์ธ SVPWM ์ œ์–ด๋ฐฉ์‹ ๋ณด๋‹ค ์ „์•• ๋ณ€์กฐ์ง€์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ 22.4 % ์ •๋„ ๊ฐ์†Œ๋จ์„ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ 3์ƒ ์…˜ํŠธ์ €ํ•ญ์„ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ์ „๋ฅ˜ ์ธก์ • ๋ฐฉ์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋ฉด ์ „์•• ๋ณ€์กฐ์ง€์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์ด์ƒ์ ์ธ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋‚ฎ์•„์ ธ ๋™์ผํ•œ ์ง๋ฅ˜๋งํฌ ์ „์•• ์กฐ๊ฑด์—์„œ ์ถœ๋ ฅ์ „์••์ด ๋‚ฎ์•„์ง€๋Š” ๋ฌธ์ œ์ ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค.

3. 3 ์…˜ํŠธ์ €ํ•ญ์„ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ์ œ์•ˆํ•˜๋Š” ์ƒ์ „๋ฅ˜ ์ธก์ • ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•

3.1 ์ƒ์ „๋ฅ˜ ์‹ ํ˜ธ์˜ ์œ ์ง€

๊ทธ๋ฆผ3๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด 3์ƒ ์…˜ํŠธ์ €ํ•ญ ์ธ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ์—์„œ ์ „๋ฅ˜ ์ธก์ •์ด ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ๊ตฌ๊ฐ„์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ์ด์œ ๋Š” $T _ { A D }$๊ฐ€ ์™„๋ฃŒ๋˜๊ธฐ ์ „์— ํ•˜๋‹จ ์Šค์œ„์น˜๊ฐ€ ํ„ด์˜คํ”„๋˜์–ด ์ •์ƒ์ ์ธ AD๋ณ€ํ™˜์ด ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋‹ค. ๋งŒ์•ฝ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 5์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ํ•˜๋‹จ ์Šค์œ„์น˜๊ฐ€ ํ„ด์˜คํ”„๋˜๋”๋ผ๋„ AD๋ณ€ํ™˜์ด ์™„๋ฃŒ๋˜๊ธฐ ์ „๊นŒ์ง€ ์ƒ์ „๋ฅ˜ ์‹ ํ˜ธ๊ฐ€ ์œ ์ง€๋˜๋ฉด $T _ { M I N }$์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ˆ˜์‹์ด ์•„๋ž˜์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ๋ณ€๊ฒฝ๋˜๊ณ , ์ƒ์ „๋ฅ˜ ์ธก์ •์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ๋ฒ”์œ„๊ฐ€ ํฌ๊ฒŒ ์ฆ๊ฐ€๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.

(7)

$T _ { MIN } =2 \left ( T _ { DT } +T _ { RT } \right )$

3.2 ์ƒ์ „๋ฅ˜ ์‹ ํ˜ธ์˜ ์œ ์ง€

๊ทธ๋ฆผ5์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด, ํ•˜๋‹จ ์Šค์œ„์น˜๊ฐ€ ํ„ด ์˜คํ”„ ๋˜๋”๋ผ๋„ ์ƒ์ „๋ฅ˜ ์‹ ํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ๊ณ„์† ์œ ์ง€ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ, OP-AMP ์ถœ๋ ฅ๋‹จ์— ํ•˜๋“œ์›จ์–ด์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณ„๋„์˜ ํšŒ๋กœ๋ฅผ ์ถ”๊ฐ€์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋œ ํšŒ๋กœ๋Š” ์•„๋‚ ๋กœ๊ทธ ์‹ ํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ์ƒ˜ํ”Œ๋งํ•˜๊ณ  ์œ ์ง€ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๊ณ ์•ˆ๋œ ์ƒ˜ํ”Œ ์•ค๋“œ ํ™€๋“œ(S/H, Sample-and-hold)ํšŒ๋กœ์ด๋‹ค. ๊ธฐ๋ณธ์ ์ธ S/H ํšŒ๋กœ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋ฆผ6๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋œ๋‹ค. [15]

๊ทธ๋ฆผ. 5. ์ƒ์ „๋ฅ˜ ์‹ ํ˜ธ์˜ ์œ ์ง€

Fig. 5. Maintaining of phase current signal

../../Resources/kiee/KIEE.2018.67.3.374/fig5.png

๊ทธ๋ฆผ. 6. S/H์˜ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ ํšŒ๋กœ

Fig. 6. Basic S/H circuit

../../Resources/kiee/KIEE.2018.67.3.374/fig6.png

S/H ํšŒ๋กœ๋Š” ์ „๊ธฐ์ ์ธ ์‹ ํ˜ธ๊ฐ€ ์ž…๋ ฅ๋˜๊ณ  ํŠน์ • ์‹ ํ˜ธ์— ์˜ํ•ด์„œ ์Šค์œ„์น˜๊ฐ€ ์ผœ์ง€๋ฉด ์ถœ๋ ฅ ์ชฝ์˜ ์ปคํŒจ์‹œํ„ฐ์— ์ถฉ์ „์„ ํ•˜๊ณ  ํŠน์ • ์‹ ํ˜ธ์— ์˜ํ•ด์„œ ์Šค์œ„์น˜๊ฐ€ ๊บผ์ง€๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋ฉด ๋ฐฉ์ „ ํšŒ๋กœ๊ฐ€ ์—†๋Š” ์ปคํŒจ์‹œํ„ฐ์— ์ถฉ์ „๋œ ์ „์••์„ ์ฝ๋Š” ๊ฐœ๋…์ด๋‹ค. S/H ํšŒ๋กœ๋Š” ์ž…์ถœ๋ ฅ๋‹จ์— OP-AMP์˜ ๋‚ฎ์€ ์ž…๋ ฅ์ €ํ•ญ๊ณผ ๋†’์€ ์ถœ๋ ฅ ์ €ํ•ญ์„ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ๋ฒ„ํผ(Buffer)๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•˜๊ณ  ์Šค์œ„์น˜๋Š” ์‹ ํ˜ธ์˜ ์ „์•• ๊ฐ•ํ•˜๊ฐ€ ๋‚ฎ์€ MOSFET(Metal Oxide Semiconductor Field Effect Transistor)์„ ์ด์šฉํ•œ๋‹ค. ์Šค์œ„์น˜ ์ดํ›„์—๋Š” ์ƒ˜ํ”Œ๋งํ•œ ์‹ ํ˜ธ ์ „์••์„ ์ถฉ๋ฐฉ์ „ ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์บํŒจ์‹œํ„ฐ๊ฐ€ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋œ๋‹ค.

3์ƒ ์…˜ํŠธ์ €ํ•ญ ์ „๋ฅ˜ ์ธก์ • ์ธ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋ฆผ6์˜ S/H ํšŒ๋กœ๋ฅผ ๊ทธ๋Œ€๋กœ ์ด์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜๋Š” ์—†๋‹ค. 3 ์…˜ํŠธ์ €ํ•ญ ์ธ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ์—์„œ ์ธก์ •๋˜๋Š” ์ „๋ฅ˜ ์‹ ํ˜ธ๋Š” ์™„์ „ํ•œ ์ •ํ˜„ํŒŒ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹Œ ํŽ„์Šค ํ˜•ํƒœ์˜ ์ •ํ˜„ํŒŒ์ด๋ฉฐ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ์ธ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์—์„œ๋Š” OP-APM์˜ ์ „์›์ด ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ๊ทน์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋Š” ๋‹จ์ „์›์ด๋‹ค. OP-AMP ์ถœ๋ ฅ๋‹จ์—๋Š” ์–‘๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์˜ ์ „๋ฅ˜๋ฅผ ์ •์ƒ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ธก์ •ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ํŠน์ •ํ•œ ๊ฐ’์˜ ์˜ต์…‹(Offset) ์ „์••์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. MOSFET์€ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐ”๋”” ๋‹ค์ด์˜ค๋“œ(Body Diode)๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์ž…๋ ฅ ์ „์••์ด ์ถฉ์ „ ์ „์•• ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋†’์€ ๊ตฌ๊ฐ„์—์„œ๋Š” ์Šค์œ„์น˜์˜ ์ผœ์ง๊ณผ ๊ด€๊ณ„์—†์ด ํ•ญ์ƒ ์ปคํŒจ์‹œํ„ฐ๊ฐ€ ์ถฉ์ „๋œ๋‹ค. ์˜ต์…‹ ์ „์••์„ ๊ธฐ์ค€์œผ๋กœ โ€˜-โ€™ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์˜ ์ „๋ฅ˜๊ฐ€ ํ๋ฅผ ๋•Œ MOSFET์ด ๊บผ์ง€๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋ฉด ์ž…๋ ฅ ์ „์••์€ ์ปคํŒจ์‹œํ„ฐ์— ์ถฉ์ „๋˜๋Š” ์ „์•• ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋†’๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์ปคํŒจ์‹œํ„ฐ๊ฐ€ ๊ณ„์† ์ถฉ์ „์ด ๋˜๊ณ  ์ •์ƒ์ ์ธ ์‹ ํ˜ธ์˜ ํ™€๋“œ๊ฐ€ ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๋‹ค.

์œ„์—์„œ ์–ธ๊ธ‰ํ•œ ๋ฌธ์ œ์ ์„ ๋ณด์™„ํ™”๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” MOSFET ๋Œ€์‹  ์•„๋‚ ๋กœ๊ทธ ์Šค์œ„์น˜(Analog switch)๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์•„๋‚ ๋กœ๊ทธ ์Šค์œ„์น˜๋Š” ์Šค์œ„์นญ ์‹ ํ˜ธ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์–‘๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์œผ๋กœ ๋„ํ†ต์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๊ณ  MOSFET์™€๋Š” ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ ๋ฐ”๋”” ๋‹ค์ด์˜ค๋“œ๊ฐ€ ์—†์–ด ์œ„์—์„œ ์–ธ๊ธ‰๋œ ๋ฌธ์ œ์ ์„ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.

๊ทธ๋ฆผ. 7. ๊ฐœ์„ ๋œ S/H ํšŒ๋กœ

Fig. 7. Improved S/H circuit

../../Resources/kiee/KIEE.2018.67.3.374/fig7.png

๊ทธ๋ฆผ. 8. ๊ฐœ์„ ๋œ S/H ํšŒ๋กœ ๋™์ž‘ ํŒŒํ˜•

Fig. 8. Waveforms of improved S/H circuit

../../Resources/kiee/KIEE.2018.67.3.374/fig8.png

๊ทธ๋ฆผ7์— 3์ƒ ์…˜ํŠธ์ €ํ•ญ ์ „๋ฅ˜ ์ธก์ • ์ธ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ์—์„œ์˜ ๊ฐœ์„ ๋œ S/H๊ฐ€ ์ ์šฉ๋œ ํšŒ๋กœ๊ฐ€ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋˜์–ด์žˆ๋‹ค. ์•„๋‚ ๋กœ๊ทธ ์Šค์œ„์น˜๋Š” ์ฐจ๋™ OP-AMP์˜ ์ถœ๋ ฅ ๋‹จ์— ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋œ๋‹ค. ์•„๋‚ ๋กœ๊ทธ ์Šค์œ„์น˜๋Š” ์ธ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ ํ•˜๋‹จ ์Šค์œ„์น˜์˜ ์ž…๋ ฅ ์‹ ํ˜ธ์— ๋™๊ธฐํ™” ์‹œํ‚จ๋‹ค. ํ•˜๋‹จ ์Šค์œ„์น˜๊ฐ€ ์ผœ์งˆ ๋•Œ ์•„๋‚ ๋กœ๊ทธ ์Šค์œ„์น˜๊ฐ€ ํ„ด ์˜จ ๋˜์–ด ์ปคํŒจ์‹œํ„ฐ์— ์ถฉ์ „์„ ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜๊ณ  ํ•˜๋‹จ ์Šค์œ„์น˜๊ฐ€ ๊บผ์งˆ ๋•Œ ์•„๋‚ ๋กœ๊ทธ ์Šค์œ„์น˜๊ฐ€ ํ„ด ์˜คํ”„ ๋˜์–ด ์ปคํŒจ์‹œํ„ฐ์— ์ถฉ์ „๋œ ์ „์••์ด ๊ณ„์† ์œ ์ง€๋œ๋‹ค.

๊ทธ๋ฆผ8์— ์ธ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ์—์„œ ๊ฐœ์„ ๋œ ์ƒ˜ํ”Œ-์•ค๋“œ-ํšŒ๋กœ์˜ ๋™์ž‘์ด ํ‘œํ˜„๋˜์–ด์žˆ๋‹ค. 5V์˜ ๋‹จ์ „์›์„ ์ด์šฉํ•œ OP-AMP์—์„œ ์ถœ๋ ฅ๋˜๋Š” $I _ { phase }$ ์‹ ํ˜ธ๋Š” 2.5V์˜ ์˜ต์…‹ ์ „์••์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋ฉด์„œ ํŽ„์Šค ํŒŒํ˜•์˜ ์ •ํ˜„ํŒŒ ์ „๋ฅ˜๋ฅผ ์ถœ๋ ฅํ•œ๋‹ค. ํ•˜๋‹จ ์Šค์œ„์น˜๊ฐ€ ์ผœ์ง€๋ฉด OP-AMP์˜ ์ถœ๋ ฅ ์ „์••์ด ๊ทธ๋Œ€๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๊ณ  ํ•˜๋‹จ ์Šค์œ„์น˜๊ฐ€ ๊บผ์ง€๋ฉด ์ถœ๋ ฅ์ „์••์ด ์œ ์ง€๊ฐ€ ๋˜์–ด ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 5์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์ •ํ•œ ์ถœ๋ ฅ ์ „๋ฅ˜ ์‹ ํ˜ธ์˜ ์œ ์ง€๊ฐ€ ๊ตฌํ˜„์ด ๋œ๋‹ค. $I _ { phase }$ ์‹ ํ˜ธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ S/H ํšŒ๋กœ๋ฅผ ๊ฑฐ์น˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋ฉด $I _ { phase } '$ ์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ์—ฐ์†๋œ ์ •ํ˜„ํŒŒ ํ˜•ํƒœ๊ฐ€ ์ถœ๋ ฅ๋œ๋‹ค.

๊ทธ๋ฆผ9์—์„œ S/H ํšŒ๋กœ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ถœ๋ ฅ๋œ ์ „๋ฅ˜ ํŒŒํ˜•์„ ํ•œ์ฃผ๊ธฐ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. S/H ํšŒ๋กœ๋ฅผ ํ†ต๊ณผํ•˜๊ธฐ ์ „์ธ $I _ { phase }$๋Š” ํ•˜๋‹จ ์Šค์œ„์น˜๊ฐ€ ๊บผ์ง€๋Š” ์‹œ๊ฐ„์— ์ „๋ฅ˜ ์‹ ํ˜ธ๋„ โ€˜0โ€™๋กœ ๋ณ€ํ•œ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ S/H ํšŒ๋กœ๋ฅผ ํ†ต๊ณผํ•œ $I _ { phase } '$์—์„œ๋Š” ํ•˜๋‹จ ์Šค์œ„์น˜๊ฐ€ ์ผœ์ง€๋ฉด ์ƒ˜ํ”Œ๋ง์„ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜๊ณ  ํ•˜๋‹จ ์Šค์œ„์น˜๊ฐ€ ๊บผ์ง€๋ฉด ์ „์••์„ ์œ ์ง€ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋‹ค์Œ ํ•˜๋‹จ ์Šค์œ„์น˜๊ฐ€ ์ผœ์ง€๋Š” ์‹œ์ ๊นŒ์ง€ ์ „์••์˜ ๋ณ€๋™์ด ์—†๋‹ค. ์ด๋กœ ์ธํ•ด $T _ { AD }$์— ์†Œ๋ชจ๋˜๋Š” ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด โ€˜0โ€™์ธ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ํ•ด์„ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ณ , ์ตœ์†Œ ๋ณ€ํ™˜ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ์‹ (7)๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ์ค„์–ด๋“ ๋‹ค.

3.3 ์ „์•• ๋ณ€์กฐ์ง€์ˆ˜ ๋ถ„์„

ํ‘œ3์€ S/H ํšŒ๋กœ์˜ ์ ์šฉ ์ „ํ›„์˜ ์ธ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ ๊ตฌ๋™์กฐ๊ฑด์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ธ๋‹ค. S/H ํšŒ๋กœ ๋ฏธ์ ์šฉ ์‹œ $T _ { MIN }$์˜ ๊ฐ’์€ 9.7ใŽฒ์ด๊ณ , S/H ํšŒ๋กœ๋ฅผ ์ ์šฉํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋ฉด 6.3ใŽฒ๋กœ ๋งŽ์ด ๊ฐœ์„ ๋œ๋‹ค.ํ‘œ 4๋Š” S/H ํšŒ๋กœ์˜ ์ ์šฉ ์ „ํ›„์˜ ์„ ํ˜•๊ตฌ๋™์˜์—ญ๊ณผ ์ „์•• ๋ณ€์กฐ์ง€์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๋น„๊ตํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์ง๋ฅ˜๋งํฌ ์ „์••์ด 100V์ธ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, 3์ƒ ์…˜ํŠธ ์ €ํ•ญ์ด ์—†๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์™€ 3์ƒ ์…˜ํŠธ ์ €ํ•ญ์ด ์žˆ๊ณ  S/H ํšŒ๋กœ๊ฐ€ ๋ฏธ์ ์šฉ๋œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ 3์ƒ ์…˜ํŠธ ์ €ํ•ญ์ด ์žˆ๊ณ  S/H ํšŒ๋กœ๊ฐ€ ์ ์šฉ๋œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, ๊ฐ๊ฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•˜์—ฌ ์„ ํ˜•์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ•ฉ์„ฑํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ƒ์ „์••์˜ ๊ธฐ๋ณธํŒŒ ์„ฑ๋ถ„์˜ ํฌ๊ธฐ์™€ ์ „์•• ๋ณ€์กฐ์ง€์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. S/H ํšŒ๋กœ๋ฅผ ์ ์šฉํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ, ์ƒ์ „์••์˜ ๊ธฐ๋ณธํŒŒ ์„ฑ๋ถ„์˜ ํฌ๊ธฐ๋Š” 46.53V์—์„œ 50.46V๋กœ ์•ฝ 8.4 %์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ์ „์•• ๋ณ€์กฐ์ง€์ˆ˜ ์—ญ์‹œ ์•ฝ 7.8 %์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.

๊ทธ๋ฆผ. 9. S/H ํšŒ๋กœ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ถœ๋ ฅ๋œ ์ „๋ฅ˜ ํŒŒํ˜•

Fig. 9. Current waveform output using S/H circuit

../../Resources/kiee/KIEE.2018.67.3.374/fig9.png

ํ‘œ 3. ์ธ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ ๊ตฌ๋™ ์กฐ๊ฑด (S/H ํšŒ๋กœ ์ ์šฉ ์ „/ํ›„)

Table 3. Condition of inverter operation (before/after sample-and-hold circuit)

Parameters

Value

DC-link Voltage

100 [V]

$T _ { D T }$

0.65 [ใŽฒ]

$T _ { R T }$

2.5 [ใŽฒ]

$T _ { A D }$

4.2 [ใŽฒ]

$T _ { M I N }$ (S/H ํšŒ๋กœ ๋ฏธ์ ์šฉ)

9.7 [ใŽฒ]

$T _ { M I N }$ (S/H ํšŒ๋กœ ์ ์šฉ)

6.3 [ใŽฒ]

$f _ { s }$

10 [kHz]

ํ‘œ 4. ์„ ํ˜•๊ตฌ๋™์˜์—ญ๊ณผ ์ „์•• ๋ณ€์กฐ์ง€์ˆ˜ ๋น„๊ต (S/H ํšŒ๋กœ ์ ์šฉ ์ „/ ํ›„)

Table 4. Comparing of linear operation region and modulation index (before/after sample-and-hold circuit)

Parameters

์ƒ์ „์••์˜ ๊ธฐ๋ณธํŒŒ ์„ฑ๋ถ„์˜ ํฌ๊ธฐ

์ „์•• ๋ณ€์กฐ์ง€์ˆ˜

$V _ {$ fundmental $} ( i d e a l )$

57.74 [V]

115.5 [%]

$V _ {$fundmental$}$

(S/H ํšŒ๋กœ ๋ฏธ์ ์šฉ)

46.53 [V]

93.1 [%]

$V _ {$ fundmental $}$

(S/H ํšŒ๋กœ ์ ์šฉ)

50.46 [V]

100.9 [%]

๊ทธ๋ฆผ10์—์„œ S/H ํšŒ๋กœ๊ฐ€ ์ ์šฉ๋œ ์ธ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ์™€ ๋ฏธ์ ์šฉ๋œ ์ธ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์ „์•• ๋ฒกํ„ฐ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์—์„œ ๋น„๊ต ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. S/H ํšŒ๋กœ๊ฐ€ ์ ์šฉ๋œ ์ธ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ์˜ ์ „๋ฅ˜ ๊ฒ€์ถœ์ด ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ์˜์—ญ์ด ์ค„์–ด๋“ค์–ด ์„ ํ˜• ๊ตฌ๋™ ์˜์—ญ์ด ํ™•์žฅ๋จ์„ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜์—ฌ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋นจ๊ฐ„์ƒ‰์œผ๋กœ ํ‘œ์‹œ๋œ ๋‚ด์ ‘์›์ด S/H ํšŒ๋กœ ๋ฏธ์ ์šฉ์ธ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์ด๊ณ , ํŒŒ๋ž€์ƒ‰์œผ๋กœ ํ‘œ์‹œ๋œ ๋‚ด์ ‘์›์ด S/H ํšŒ๋กœ๊ฐ€ ์ ์šฉ๋œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์ด๋‹ค.

๊ทธ๋ฆผ. 10. S/H ํšŒ๋กœ ์ ์šฉ/๋ฏธ์ ์šฉ ์ธ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ์˜ ์ „์•• ๋ฒกํ„ฐ ๋น„๊ต

Fig. 10. Voltage vector comparison of inverter with/ without S/H circuit

../../Resources/kiee/KIEE.2018.67.3.374/fig10.png

4. ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜

4.1 ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜ ์กฐ๊ฑด

ํ‘œ 5. S/H ํšŒ๋กœ์˜ ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜ ์กฐ๊ฑด

Table 5. Simulation conditions of S/H circuit

Parameters

Value

DC-link Voltage

24 [V]

$f _ { s }$

10 [kHz]

$T _ { D T }$

2 [ใŽฒ]

์…˜ํŠธ์ €ํ•ญ

10 [mโ„ฆ]

๋ถ€ํ•˜ ์ธ๋•ํ„ด์Šค

1 [mH]

์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ

OrCAD PSpice

S/H ํšŒ๋กœ๊ฐ€ ์ ์šฉ๋œ ์ธ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ์˜ ์‹ค์ œ ํ…Œ์ŠคํŠธ์— ์•ž์„œ ๋™์ž‘์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜์„ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํ‘œ5๋Š” S/H ํšŒ๋กœ๋ฅผ ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์กฐ๊ฑด์ด๋‹ค.

์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜์€ S/H ํšŒ๋กœ์˜ ๋™์ž‘์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํŠน์„ฑ๋งŒ ๋ณด๋ฉด ๋˜๋ฏ€๋กœ ๊ฐ„๋‹จํ•œ ํšŒ๋กœ ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜๋งŒ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜์€ OrCAD PSpice๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆผ11์€ S/H ํšŒ๋กœ์˜ ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ ํšŒ๋กœ์ด๋‹ค. ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜์˜ ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ์ถ•์†Œ์™€ ํšŒ๋กœ์˜ ๊ฐ„์†Œํ™”๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ธ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ์˜ 3์ƒ ์ค‘ ํ•œ์ƒ์— ํ•ด๋‹นํ•˜๋Š” ํšŒ๋กœ๋งŒ ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.

๊ทธ๋ฆผ. 11. S/H ํšŒ๋กœ์˜ ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜ ํšŒ๋กœ

Fig. 11. Simulation circuit diagram of S/H circuit

../../Resources/kiee/KIEE.2018.67.3.374/fig11.png

๊ทธ๋ฆผ. 12. S/H ํšŒ๋กœ์˜ ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ( Iphase: ์ ์ƒ‰, Iphase': ๋…น์ƒ‰)

Fig. 12. Simulation Result of S/H circuit (:red, : green)

../../Resources/kiee/KIEE.2018.67.3.374/fig12.png

OP-AMP๋Š” ์ฐจ๋™ํšŒ๋กœ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•˜๊ณ  5V์˜ ๋‹จ์ „์›์œผ๋กœ ์ „์›์„ ๊ณต๊ธ‰ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ ์˜ต์…‹ ์ „์••์€ 2.5V์ด๋‹ค. ์•„๋‚ ๋กœ๊ทธ ์Šค์œ„์น˜ ํšŒ๋กœ์˜ ์ž…๋ ฅ์€ ํ•˜๋‹จ ์Šค์œ„์น˜์™€ ๋™์ผํ•œ ํƒ€์ด๋ฐ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์•„๋‚ ๋กœ๊ทธ ์Šค์œ„์น˜์˜ ์ž…๋ ฅ ์ „์••์ธ 5V๋กœ ๋‚ฎ์ถ”์–ด ์ž…๋ ฅํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ถœ๋ ฅ ์ปคํŒจ์‹œํ„ฐ๋Š” 33 nF์œผ๋กœ MCU์˜ ADC ์ปคํŒจ์‹œํ„ฐ์˜ 10๋ฐฐ ์ •๋„๋กœ ์„ค์ •ํ•˜์—ฌ ์•ˆ์ •์ ์ธ ADC๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ์ปคํŒจ์‹œํ„ฐ ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰์œผ๋กœ ์„ ์ •ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.

4.1 ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ

๊ทธ๋ฆผ12๋Š” S/H ํšŒ๋กœ์˜ ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์ด๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆผ8์˜ $I _ { phase } '$ ์ถœ๋ ฅ ํŒŒํ˜•๊ณผ ๋™์ผํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋‹จ ์Šค์œ„์น˜ ์‹ ํ˜ธ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์ ์ƒ‰์œผ๋กœ ํ‘œ์‹œ๋œ $I _ { phase }$๊ฐ€ โ€˜0โ€™์ด ๋˜๋”๋ผ๋„ ๋…น์ƒ‰์œผ๋กœ ํ‘œ์‹œ๋œ $I _ { phase } '$์˜ ์ถœ๋ ฅ์€ ๊ณ„์† ์œ ์ง€๋จ์„ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.

5. ์‹คํ—˜ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ

๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์—์„œ ์ œ์•ˆํ•œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ๊ฒ€์ฆํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๊ทธ๋ฆผ13๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ์ธ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ ๊ตฌ๋™ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์„ ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.

ํ‘œ 6. ๋ชจํ„ฐ ์ œ์›

Table 6. Motor specification

Parameters

Value

Inductance

10 [ฮผH]

Resistance

0.5 [ฮฉ]

Number of Poles

8 [pole]

Rated Power

1 [kW]

Sensor

A, B, I Absolute angle

ํ‘œ 7. ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ๊ตฌ๋™ ์กฐ๊ฑด

Table 7. System operation condition

Parameters

Value

DC-link Voltage

100 [V]

$T _ { D T }$

0.65 [ใŽฒ]

$f _ { s }$

10 [kHz]

Speed

2,000 [RPM]

Load

2 [Nใ†m]

๊ทธ๋ฆผ. 13. ์‹คํ—˜ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ ์‚ฌ์ง„

Fig. 13. Picture of test system configuration

../../Resources/kiee/KIEE.2018.67.3.374/fig13.png

์‹คํ—˜ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์€ ๋ชจํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ๋™ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ธ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ, ์ธ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ์— ๊ณ ์ „์••์„ ์ธ๊ฐ€์‹œํ‚ค๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ณ ์ „์•• ์ง๋ฅ˜์ „์›(High Voltage DC Power), ์ €์ „์••(12V)์„ ์ธ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ €์ „์•• ์ง๋ฅ˜์ „์›(Low Voltage DC Power), ๋ชจํ„ฐ, ๋ชจํ„ฐ์— ๋ถ€ํ•˜๋ฅผ ์ธ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋‹ค์ด๋‚˜๋ชจ(Dynamo), ๋‹ค์ด๋‚˜๋ชจ๋ฅผ ์ œ์–ดํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ(PC1), ์ธ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ ์ถœ๋ ฅ 3์ƒ์ „๋ฅ˜์™€ OP-AMP ์ถœ๋ ฅ์„ ์ธก์ •ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์˜ค์‹ค๋กœ์Šค์ฝ”ํ”„(Oscilloscope), ์ธ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์ œ์–ดํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ(PC2)๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋œ๋‹ค.

์ธ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ 1kW๊ธ‰์˜ IPMSM์„ ์ œ์–ดํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ชจํ„ฐ์˜ ์ž์„ธํ•œ ์ œ์›์€ ํ‘œ 6์— ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ‘œ 7์€ ์ธ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ๋™ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ์กฐ๊ฑด์ด๋‹ค. ๋ชจํ„ฐ์˜ ์ •๊ฒฉ ์†๋„์ธ 2,000 RPM์—์„œ 2 Nยทm์˜ ๋ถ€ํ•˜๋ฅผ ์ธ๊ฐ€ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ชจํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ๋™์‹œ์ผฐ๋‹ค.

๊ทธ๋ฆผ14์— 1 kW๊ธ‰ ๋ชจํ„ฐ ์ธ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ์˜ ํ•˜๋“œ์›จ์–ด ์‚ฌ์ง„์ด ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜์žˆ๋‹ค. S/H ํšŒ๋กœ๋Š” ๊ฐ„์ด ๋ณด๋“œ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋กœ ์ œ์ž‘ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆผ15์—๋Š” ์ธ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ์— ์ ์šฉ๋œ S/H ํšŒ๋กœ๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜์žˆ๋‹ค. OP-AMP์˜ ๋น„๋ฐ˜์ „ ์ž…๋ ฅ(Noninverting input)๋‹จ์— ์…˜ํŠธ ๋ ˆ๊ทค๋ ˆ์ดํ„ฐ์—์„œ ์ถœ๋ ฅ๋˜๋Š” 2.5V๋ฅผ ์ธ๊ฐ€ํ•˜์—ฌ OP-AMP ์ถœ๋ ฅ์— ์˜ต์…‹ ์ „์••์ด ์ถœ๋ ฅ๋˜๋„๋ก ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.

๊ทธ๋ฆผ. 14. ์ธ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ ํ•˜๋“œ์›จ์–ด ์‚ฌ์ง„

Fig. 14. Picture of inverter hardware

../../Resources/kiee/KIEE.2018.67.3.374/fig14.png

๊ทธ๋ฆผ. 15. S/H ํšŒ๋กœ์˜ ํšŒ๋กœ๋„

Fig. 15. Circuit diagram of S/H circuit

../../Resources/kiee/KIEE.2018.67.3.374/fig15.png

๊ทธ๋ฆผ. 16. ์ƒ์ „๋ฅ˜ ์ถœ๋ ฅ (์œ„ : S/H ํšŒ๋กœ ๋ฏธ์ ์šฉ, ์•„๋ž˜ : S/H ํšŒ๋กœ ์ ์šฉ)

Fig. 16. Phase current output (up : without S/H circuit, down : with S/H circuit)

../../Resources/kiee/KIEE.2018.67.3.374/fig16.png

OP-AMP ์ถœ๋ ฅ๋‹จ์— S/H ํšŒ๋กœ์˜ ์ ์šฉ์„ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ ์•„๋‚ ๋กœ๊ทธ ์Šค์œ„์น˜๋ฅผ ์ ์šฉํ•˜์˜€๊ณ  ์•„๋‚ ๋กœ๊ทธ ์Šค์œ„์น˜๋Š” ํ•˜๋‹จ IGBT ๊ฒŒ์ดํŠธ ๋“œ๋ผ์ด๋ฒ„์˜ ์ž…๋ ฅ์‹ ํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ์ œ์–ด ์‹ ํ˜ธ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์•„๋‚ ๋กœ๊ทธ ์Šค์œ„์น˜ ์ถœ๋ ฅ ์ปคํŒจ์‹œํ„ฐ์—๋Š” ์•ˆ์ •์ ์ธ AD ๋ณ€ํ™˜๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ MCU์˜ ADC ์ž…๋ ฅ๋‹จ ์ปคํŒจ์‹œํ„ฐ์˜ ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰๋ณด๋‹ค 10๋ฐฐ ์ด์ƒ์˜ ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰์œผ๋กœ ์„ ์ •๋œ ์ปคํŒจ์‹œํ„ฐ๊ฐ€ ์ ์šฉ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค.

6. ์‹คํ—˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ

๊ทธ๋ฆผ16์€ S/H ํšŒ๋กœ๊ฐ€ ๋ฏธ์ ์šฉ๋œ ์ƒ์ „๋ฅ˜์˜ ์ถœ๋ ฅ๊ณผ ์ ์šฉ๋œ ์ƒ์ „๋ฅ˜ ์ถœ๋ ฅ์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. S/H ํšŒ๋กœ๊ฐ€ ๋ฏธ์ ์šฉ๋œ ํšŒ๋กœ์˜ ์ƒ์ „๋ฅ˜ ์ถœ๋ ฅ์€ ํ•˜๋‹จ ์Šค์œ„์น˜๊ฐ€ ์ผœ์ง€๊ณ  ๊บผ์ง์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ OP-AMP์—์„œ ์ถœ๋ ฅ๋˜๋Š” ์ƒ์ „๋ฅ˜ ์‹ ํ˜ธ(ํŒŒ๋ž€์ƒ‰)๊ฐ€ ๋ณ€ํ™”ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€๋กœ S/H ํšŒ๋กœ๊ฐ€ ์ ์šฉ๋œ ํšŒ๋กœ์˜ ์ƒ์ „๋ฅ˜ ์ถœ๋ ฅ์€ ํ•˜๋‹จ ์Šค์œ„์น˜๊ฐ€ ๊บผ์ง€๋”๋ผ๋„ OP-AMP์—์„œ ์ถœ๋ ฅ๋˜๋Š” ์ƒ์ „๋ฅ˜ ์‹ ํ˜ธ(ํŒŒ๋ž€์ƒ‰)๊ฐ€ ๊ณ„์† ์œ ์ง€๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.

๊ทธ๋ฆผ17์€ S/H ํšŒ๋กœ๊ฐ€ ๋ฏธ์ ์šฉ๋œ ํšŒ๋กœ์™€ ์ ์šฉ๋œ ํšŒ๋กœ์˜ ๋ชจํ„ฐ ์ตœ๋Œ€ ์†๋„๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. S/H ํšŒ๋กœ๊ฐ€ ๋ฏธ์ ์šฉ๋œ ํšŒ๋กœ์˜ ์ตœ๋Œ€ ๋ชจํ„ฐ ๊ตฌ๋™ ์†๋„๋Š” 2,000 RPM์ด๋ฉฐ, S/H ํšŒ๋กœ๊ฐ€ ์ ์šฉ๋œ ํšŒ๋กœ์˜ ์ตœ๋Œ€ ๋ชจํ„ฐ ๊ตฌ๋™ ์†๋„๋Š” 2,352 RPM์œผ๋กœ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.

๊ทธ๋ฆผ. 17. ๋ชจํ„ฐ ์ตœ๋Œ€ ์†๋„ (์œ„ : S/H ํšŒ๋กœ ๋ฏธ์ ์šฉ, ์•„๋ž˜ : S/H ํšŒ๋กœ ์ ์šฉ)

Fig. 17. Maximum speed of motor (up : without S/H circuit, down : with S/H circuit)

../../Resources/kiee/KIEE.2018.67.3.374/fig17.png

7. ๊ฒฐ ๋ก 

๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์—์„œ๋Š” 3 ์…˜ํŠธ์ €ํ•ญ์„ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ๋ชจํ„ฐ ๊ตฌ๋™ ์ธ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ์—์„œ ์˜๋ฒกํ„ฐ ๊ตฌ๊ฐ„์ด ์งง์„ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ „๋ฅ˜์˜ ์‹ ํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ํ•˜๋“œ์›จ์–ด์ ์œผ๋กœ ์‹ ํ˜ธ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌํ•˜์—ฌ ์ „๋ฅ˜ ์ธก์ • ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ ์ฆ๋Œ€์‹œ์ผœ ์ „์•• ๋ณ€์กฐ์ง€์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์ฆ๊ฐ€์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํ•˜๋“œ์›จ์–ด์ ์ธ ์ „๋ฅ˜ ์ธก์ • ์‹ ํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ตœ์†Œํ•œ์˜ ์ƒ๋‹จ ์Šค์œ„์น˜ ์˜คํ”„์‹œ๊ฐ„์ธ $T _ { MIN }$์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ถ„์„์„ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. $T _ { MIN }$ ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ์ค‘์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋งŽ์€ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ ์ฐจ์ง€ํ•˜๋Š” AD ๋ณ€ํ™˜ ์‹œ๊ฐ„($T _ { AD }$)์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฐ›์ง€ ์•Š๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ S/H ํšŒ๋กœ๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ „๋ฅ˜ ์‹ ํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๊ณผ ์ธ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ ํšŒ๋กœ์— ์ ์šฉ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ฐœ์„ ๋œ S/H ํšŒ๋กœ๋ฅผ ์ œ์•ˆํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์‹ค์ œ ๋ชจํ„ฐ ์ธ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ ๊ตฌ๋™ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์„ ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•˜์—ฌ S/H ํšŒ๋กœ๊ฐ€ ์ ์šฉ๋œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์™€ ์ ์šฉ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์˜ ์ „์•• ๋ณ€์กฐ์ง€์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.

S/H ํšŒ๋กœ๊ฐ€ ์ ์šฉ๋œ ์ธ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ์—์„œ๋Š” $T _ { AD }$ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•  ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์—†๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— $T _ { AD }$ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ ์ค„์ด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด MCU์‚ฌ์–‘์„ ์˜ฌ๋ฆด ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์—†์–ด ๋น„์šฉ ์ ˆ๊ฐ์— ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์ด๋‹ค. ์•„๋‚ ๋กœ๊ทธ ์Šค์œ„์น˜ ํšŒ๋กœ๊ฐ€ ์ถ”๊ฐ€์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ•„์š”ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์•„๋‚ ๋กœ๊ทธ ์Šค์œ„์น˜ ์†Œ์ž์˜ ๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ์ด ๋‚ฎ์€๋ฐ ๋ฐ˜ํ•ด ์ „์•• ๋ณ€์กฐ์ง€์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ํฌ๊ฒŒ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ณ , MCU์˜ ADC์š”๊ตฌ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ์„ ๋‚ฎ์ถœ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์˜คํžˆ๋ ค ์ธ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ์„ ์ ˆ๊ฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. S/H ํšŒ๋กœ๊ฐ€ ์ ์šฉ๋œ ์ธ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ๋Š” ๊ธฐ์กด์— ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋˜์–ด ์ œ์‹œ ๋˜์—ˆ๋˜ ์ „์•• ์ฃผ์ž… ๋ฐฉ์‹์ด๋‚˜ ์˜ˆ์ธก ์ „๋ฅ˜๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ์ „๋ฅ˜ ๋ณต์› ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• ๋“ฑ ์†Œํ”„ํŠธ์›จ์–ด์ ์ธ ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜ ๊ฐœ์„  ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๊ณผ ๋ณ‘ํ–‰ํ•˜์—ฌ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, ์ถ”๊ฐ€์ ์ธ ์ „์•• ๋ณ€์กฐ์ง€์ˆ˜์˜ ์ƒ์Šน์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๋‹ค.

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์ €์ž์†Œ๊ฐœ

๊น€ ์ • ๋Œ€ (Jung-Dae Kim)
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1982๋…„ 11์›” 11์ผ์ƒ

2008๋…„ ์•ˆ๋™๋Œ€ ์‚ฌ๋ฒ”๋Œ€ํ•™ ์ „์ž๊ต์œก๊ณผ ์กธ์—…

2017๋…„ ๊ฒฝ๋ถ๋Œ€ ์‚ฐ์—…๋Œ€ํ•™์› ์ „๊ธฐ๊ณตํ•™์ „๊ณต ์กธ์—…(์„์‚ฌ)

2008๋…„~ํ˜„์žฌ (์ฃผ)๋ชจํ† ๋‹‰ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์†Œ ์„ ์ž„์—ฐ๊ตฌ์›

์ตœ ์ข… ์šฐ (Jong-Woo Choi)
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1969๋…„ 2์›” 25์ผ์ƒ

1991๋…„ ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ ๊ณต๋Œ€ ์ „๊ธฐ๊ณตํ•™๊ณผ ์กธ์—…

1993๋…„ ๋™ ๋Œ€ํ•™์› ์ „๊ธฐ๊ณตํ•™๊ณผ ์กธ์—…(์„์‚ฌ)

1996๋…„ ๋™ ๋Œ€ํ•™์› ์ „๊ธฐ๊ณตํ•™๊ณผ ์กธ์—…(๊ณต๋ฐ•)

2001๋…„~ํ˜„์žฌ ๊ฒฝ๋ถ๋Œ€ IT๋Œ€ํ•™ ์ „๊ธฐ๊ณตํ•™๊ณผ ๊ต์ˆ˜