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  1. (Dept. of Electronics Engineering, Chungnam National University, Korea)
  2. (Defense Space Technology Center, Agency for Defense Development)



Time-delay, Transfer alignment, Electro-optical tracking system

1. ์„œ ๋ก 

์ข…๋ž˜์˜ ์ „์ž๊ด‘ํ•™ ์ถ”์ ์žฅ๋น„๋Š” ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 1๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ํ•ญ๊ณต๊ธฐ ํ•ญ๋ฒ•์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์˜ ์ถœ๋ ฅ, ํ‘œ์ ๊ณผ์˜ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ํ‘œ์  ์ขŒํ‘œ๋ฅผ ์ถ”์ •ํ•œ๋‹ค(1)(2)(3). ํ•ญ๊ณต๊ธฐ ํ•ญ๋ฒ• ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํƒ‘์žฌ์žฅ๋น„์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๋™์ž‘ํ•˜๋ฏ€๋กœ, ๋‚ฎ์€ ์ถœ๋ ฅ์œจ์˜ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ง€์—ฐ๋œ ํ•ญ๋ฒ• ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ์ „์ž๊ด‘ํ•™ ์ถ”์ ์žฅ๋น„์— ์ „๋‹ฌํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ณ ๊ธฐ๋™ ํ•ญ๊ณต๊ธฐ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ง€์—ฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ํ‘œ์  ์ถ”์ • ์˜ค์ฐจ๋Š” ๋”์šฑ ์ปค์ง„๋‹ค(2)(4). ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ณด์™„ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ „์ž๊ด‘ํ•™ ์ถ”์ ์žฅ๋น„์— IMU๋ฅผ ํƒ‘์žฌํ•˜๊ณ , INS(Inertial Navigation System)๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•˜์—ฌ ๋†’์€ ์ถœ๋ ฅ์œจ์˜ ์‹ค์‹œ๊ฐ„ ํ•ญ๋ฒ• ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ์–ป์œผ๋ฉด, ํ‘œ์  ์ถ”์ • ์˜ค์ฐจ๋ฅผ ์ค„์ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๊ณ ์†, ๊ณ ๊ธฐ๋™ ํ•ญ์ฒด์—์„œ๋„ ์ •ํ™•ํ•œ ํ‘œ์  ์ขŒํ‘œ ๊ณ„์‚ฐ์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๋‹ค.

์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ „์ž๊ด‘ํ•™ ์ถ”์ ์žฅ๋น„์˜ INS์˜ ํ•ญ๋ฒ• ์„ฑ๋Šฅ์„ ๋†’์ด๋ ค๋ฉด ์ •ํ™•ํ•œ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ์น˜๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•œ๋ฐ, ๋ณดํ†ต ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ์œ„์น˜, ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ์†๋„๋Š” ์™ธ๋ถ€์—์„œ ์ž…๋ ฅํ•˜๊ณ , ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ์ž์„ธ๋Š” ์ดˆ๊ธฐ์ •๋ ฌ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ์ž์„ธ ๊ฒฐ์ •์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ์ •๋ ฌ์€ ์ž์ฒด์ •๋ ฌ๊ณผ ์ „๋‹ฌ์ •๋ ฌ๋กœ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„๋˜๋Š”๋ฐ, ์ „๋‹ฌ์ •๋ ฌ์€ ์ง€์ƒ์—์„œ ์ •๋ ฌ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํžˆ ๊ฐ€์ง€์ง€ ๋ชปํ•  ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, ์šดํ•ญ ์ค‘์— ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜๋Š” ์ •๋ ฌ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์ด๋‹ค. ์ „๋‹ฌ์ •๋ ฌ์€ ์ •ํ™•๋„๊ฐ€ ๋†’์€ ํ•ญ๊ณต๊ธฐ์˜ MINS (Master INS)์˜ ์ถœ๋ ฅ์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ƒ๋Œ€์ ์œผ๋กœ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ์ด ๋‚ฎ์€ SINS(Slave INS)์˜ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ์ž์„ธ๋ฅผ ๊ตฌํ•˜๋Š” ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ํฌํƒ„๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด SINS๋ฅผ ํƒ‘์žฌํ•œ ๋ถ€์† ํ•ญ์ฒด๊ฐ€ ์ฃผ ํ•ญ์ฒด์ธ ํ•ญ๊ณต๊ธฐ์—์„œ ๋ถ„๋ฆฌ๋˜๊ธฐ ์ „์— ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•œ๋‹ค(5)(6)(7)(8). ์ „์ž๊ด‘ํ•™ ์ถ”์ ์žฅ๋น„๋„ ์ „๋‹ฌ์ •๋ ฌ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜๋ฉด, ํ•ญ๊ณต๊ธฐ ํ•ญ๋ฒ•์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์˜ ์ถœ๋ ฅ์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ INS์˜ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ์ž์„ธ๋ฅผ- ๊ตฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ „์ž๊ด‘ํ•™ ์ถ”์ ์žฅ๋น„๋Š” ํ•ญ๊ณต๊ธฐ์—์„œ ๋ถ„๋ฆฌ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์œผ๋ฏ€๋กœ ์ „๋‹ฌ์ •๋ ฌ ๋Œ€์‹  ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ์ž์„ธ ๊ฒฐ์ •์ด๋ผ ๋ช…๋ช…ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์—์„œ ์ œ์•ˆํ•˜๋Š” ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ์ž์„ธ ๊ฒฐ์ • ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์˜ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 2์™€ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค.

๊ทธ๋ฆผ 2์—์„œ ๋ณด๋“ฏ์ด ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ์ž์„ธ ๊ฒฐ์ • ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์˜ ์ธก์ •์น˜๋Š” ํ•ญ๊ณต๊ธฐ ์†๋„์™€ ์ž์„ธ, IMU ์ธก์ •์น˜์ด๋ฉฐ, ์นผ๋งŒํ•„ํ„ฐ๋Š” ํ•ญ๊ณต๊ธฐ์™€ INS์˜ ์†๋„์™€ ์ž์„ธ ์ฐจ์ด๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ INS ์ž์„ธ ์˜ค์ฐจ๋ฅผ ์ถ”์ •ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ, ํ•ญ๊ณต๊ธฐ ์†๋„์™€ ์ž์„ธ๋Š” ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ง€์—ฐ๋œ ๊ฐ’์ด๋ฏ€๋กœ, ์ •ํ™•ํ•œ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ์ž์„ธ์˜ ์ถ”์ •์„ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ, ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ง€์—ฐ์˜ ๋ณด์ƒ์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค.

๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ธก์ •์น˜ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ง€์—ฐ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ์ „์ž๊ด‘ํ•™ ์ถ”์ ์žฅ๋น„์˜ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ์ž์„ธ ๊ฒฐ์ • ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์„ ์ œ์•ˆํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ธก์ •์น˜์˜ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ง€์—ฐ์„ ๋ณด์ƒํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์—์„œ๋Š” ์นผ๋งŒํ•„ํ„ฐ์˜ ์ƒํƒœ๋ณ€์ˆ˜์— ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ง€์—ฐ์„ ์ถ”๊ฐ€ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.

2์ ˆ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์—์„œ ์ œ์•ˆํ•˜๋Š” ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ง€์—ฐ์„ ๋ณด์ƒํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์— ๋Œ€ํ•˜์—ฌ ์„œ์ˆ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ , 3์ ˆ์—์„œ๋Š” ์šด๋™ ๋ชจ๋ธ์˜ ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜์„ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ์ธก์ •์น˜ ์ƒ์„ฑ๊ธฐ์˜ ์ถœ๋ ฅ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์„ฑ๋Šฅํ‰๊ฐ€ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์™€ ์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰ ์‹คํ—˜์„ ํ†ตํ•œ ์„ฑ๋Šฅํ‰๊ฐ€ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์ œ์‹œํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ 4์ ˆ์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ฒฐ๋ก  ๋ฐ ์ถ”ํ›„ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ณ„ํš์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•œ๋‹ค.

๊ทธ๋ฆผ. 1. ์ข…๋ž˜์˜ ์ „์ž๊ด‘ํ•™ ์ถ”์ ์žฅ๋น„

Fig. 1. Conventional electro-optical tracking system

../../Resources/kiee/KIEE.2021.70.12.1992/fig1.png

๊ทธ๋ฆผ. 2. ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ์ž์„ธ ๊ฒฐ์ • ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์˜ ๊ตฌ์กฐ

Fig. 2. Structure of the initial attitude determination algorithm

../../Resources/kiee/KIEE.2021.70.12.1992/fig2.png

2. ์ธก์ •์น˜ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ง€์—ฐ ๋ณด์ƒ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ์ž์„ธ ๊ฒฐ์ • ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜

๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์—์„œ ์ œ์•ˆํ•˜๋Š” ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 2์˜ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์—์„œ ๋ณด๋“ฏ์ด EOTS์˜ ํ•ญ๋ฒ• ์„ฑ๋Šฅ์„ ๊ฐœ์„ ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ IMU๊ฐ€ ์ถ”๊ฐ€๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ œ์•ˆํ•œ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋Š” ์•ฝ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ ๋ฐฉ์‹์˜ GPS/INS ํ†ตํ•ฉํ•ญ๋ฒ• ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ๊ณผ ์œ ์‚ฌํ•จ์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ํ•ญ๋ฒ• ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์˜ ์ถœ๋ ฅ์€ INS์˜ ๋ณด์กฐ ์„ผ์„œ ์ถœ๋ ฅ(Aiding sensor output)์œผ๋กœ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Œ์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ, ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๋ณด์กฐ ์„ผ์„œ ์‹ ํ˜ธ์˜ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ง€์—ฐ์„ ๊ทน๋ณตํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์˜ ์ผ์ข…์ด๋ผ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.

์ดˆ๊ธฐ์ž์„ธ ๊ฒฐ์ •์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์นผ๋งŒํ•„ํ„ฐ์˜ ํ”„๋กœ์„ธ์Šค ๋ชจ๋ธ์€ ์‹(1)๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค.

(1)
$\delta \mathbf{x}_{k+1}=\Phi_{k} \delta \mathbf{x}_{k}+\mathbf{w}_{k}$

์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ, $\delta \mathbf{x}_{k}$๋Š” ์นผ๋งŒํ•„ํ„ฐ์˜ ์ƒํƒœ๋ณ€์ˆ˜, $\phi_{k}$๋Š” ์ƒํƒœ์ฒœ์ดํ–‰๋ ฌ, $w_{k}$๋Š” ํ”„๋กœ์„ธ์Šค ์žก์Œ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ , ์ธก์ •๋ชจ๋ธ์€ ์‹(2)์™€ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค.

(2)
$\delta \mathbf{y}_{k}=\mathbf{H}_{k} \delta \mathbf{x}_{k}+\mathbf{v}_{k}$

์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ, $\delta \mathbf{y}_{k}$๋Š” ์นผ๋งŒํ•„ํ„ฐ์˜ ์ธก์ •์น˜, $H_{k}$๋Š” ์ธก์ •ํ–‰๋ ฌ, $v_{k}$๋Š” ์ธก์ • ์žก์Œ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ƒํƒœ๋ณ€์ˆ˜ $\delta$$x_{k}$๋Š” ์‹(3)๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด 13๊ฐœ์˜ ๋ณ€์ˆ˜๋กœ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ ธ ์žˆ๋‹ค.

(3)
$\delta \mathbf{x}_{k}=\left[\begin{array}{lllll}\delta \mathbf{v}_{k} & \delta \boldsymbol{\theta}_{k} & \mathbf{b}_{A, k} & \mathbf{b}_{G, k} & t_{d, k}\end{array}\right]^{\mathrm{T}}$

์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ, $\delta \mathbf{v}_{k}$๋Š” ์†๋„ ์˜ค์ฐจ ๋ฒกํ„ฐ, $\delta \boldsymbol{\theta}_{k}$๋Š” ์ž์„ธ ์˜ค์ฐจ ๋ฒกํ„ฐ, $\mathbf{b}_{A, k}$๋Š” ๊ฐ€์†๋„๊ณ„ ๋ฐ”์ด์–ด์Šค ๋ฒกํ„ฐ, $\mathbf{b}_{G, k}$๋Š” ์ž์ด๋กœ ๋ฐ”์ด์–ด์Šค ๋ฒกํ„ฐ, $t_{d,k}$๋Š” ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ง€์—ฐ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ๋‹ค. $\phi_{k}$๋Š” ์‹(4)์™€ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค.

(4)
$\boldsymbol{\Phi}_{k}=\left[\begin{array}{ccccc}\mathbf{I}_{3 \times 3}-\left(2 \boldsymbol{\Omega}_{i e, k}^{n}+\boldsymbol{\Omega}_{e n, k}^{n}\right) \Delta t & {\left[\mathbf{f}_{k}^{n} \times\right] \Delta t} & \mathbf{C}_{b, k}^{n} \Delta t & 0_{3 \times 3} & 0_{3 \times 1} \\ 0_{3 \times 3} & \mathbf{I}_{3 \times 3}-\boldsymbol{\Omega}_{i n, k}^{n} \Delta t & 0_{3 \times 3} & -\mathbf{C}_{b, k}^{n} \Delta t & 0_{3 \times 1} \\ 0_{3 \times 3} & 0_{3 \times 3} & \mathbf{I}_{3 \times 3} & \Delta t \mathbf{I}_{3 \times 3} & 0_{3 \times 1} \\ 0_{3 \times 3} & 0_{3 \times 3} & 0_{3 \times 3} & \mathbf{I}_{3 \times 3} & 0_{3 \times 1} \\ 0_{1 \times 3} & 0_{1 \times 3} & 0_{1 \times 3} & 0_{1 \times 3} & 1\end{array}\right]$

์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ, $\boldsymbol{\Omega}_{i e, k}^{n}$๋Š” ํ•ญ๋ฒ•์ขŒํ‘œ๊ณ„์—์„œ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ธ ์ง€๊ตฌ์ž์ „๊ฐ์†๋„ ํ–‰๋ ฌ, $\boldsymbol{\Omega}_{e n, k}^{n}$๋Š” craft rateํ–‰๋ ฌ, $\mathbf{f}_{k}^{n}$๋Š” ํ•ญ๋ฒ•์ขŒํ‘œ๊ณ„์—์„œ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ธ ๋น„๋ ฅ, $C^{n}_{en,k}$๋Š” ๋™์ฒด์ขŒํ‘œ๊ณ„์—์„œ ํ•ญ๋ฒ•์ขŒํ‘œ๊ณ„๋กœ์˜ DCM(Direction Cosine Matrix), $\boldsymbol{\Omega}_{in,k}^{n}$์€ spatial rateํ–‰๋ ฌ์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ธ๋‹ค.

๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ์ž์„ธ๋ฅผ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์†๋„ ์ •ํ•ฉ, ์ž์„ธ ์ •ํ•ฉ, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ , ์†๋„ ๋ฐ ์ž์„ธ ์ •ํ•ฉ์œผ๋กœ ์นผ๋งŒํ•„ํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•˜๋ฏ€๋กœ ๊ฐ๊ฐ์˜ ์ธก์ •๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ์•„๋ž˜์— ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•œ๋‹ค.

์†๋„ ์ •ํ•ฉ์—์„œ ๋ ˆ๋ฒ„์•”์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•œ ์ธก์ •์น˜๋Š” ์‹(5)์™€ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค(9).

(5)
$\delta \mathbf{y}_{k}=\mathbf{v}_{I N S, k}-\mathbf{v}_{R N S, k}-\mathbf{C}_{b, k}^{n}\left[\left(\boldsymbol{\omega}_{i b, k}^{b}-\boldsymbol{\omega}_{i e, k}^{b}\right) \times \mathbf{r}_{k}\right]+\mathbf{v}_{k}$

์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ, $\mathbf{v}_{I N S, k}$๋Š” INS์˜ ์†๋„ ๋ฒกํ„ฐ, $\mathbf{v}_{RNS,k}$๋Š” ํ•ญ๊ณต๊ธฐ ํ•ญ๋ฒ•์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์˜ ์†๋„ ๋ฒกํ„ฐ, $\boldsymbol{\omega}_{i b, k}^{b}$๋Š” ๊ฐ์†๋„ ๋ฒกํ„ฐ, $\boldsymbol{\omega}_{i e, k}^{b}$๋Š” ๋™์ฒด์ขŒํ‘œ๊ณ„์—์„œ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ธ ์ง€๊ตฌ์ž์ „๊ฐ์†๋„ ๋ฒกํ„ฐ, $r_{k}$๋Š” ์œ„์น˜ ๋ฒกํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ธ๋‹ค. $v_{RNS}$๋Š” ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ง€์—ฐ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋ฏ€๋กœ ํ…Œ์ผ๋Ÿฌ ๊ธ‰์ˆ˜ ์ „๊ฐœํ•˜์—ฌ 1์ฐจํ•ญ๋งŒ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๋ฉด ์‹(6)๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.

(6)
$\mathbf{v}_{R N S}\left(t-t_{d}\right)=\mathbf{v}_{R N S}(t)-v_{R N S}^{\&}(t) t_{d}$

์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ, $v_{RNS}^{\&}(t) = a_{RNS}$๋ผ ๋‘๊ณ , ์‹(6)์„ ์‹(5)์— ๋Œ€์ž…ํ•˜๋ฉด ์‹(7)์„ ์–ป์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.

(7)
$\delta \mathbf{y}_{k}=\mathbf{v}_{I N S, k}-\mathbf{v}_{R N S, k}+\mathbf{a}_{R N S, k} t_{d, k}-\mathbf{C}_{b, k}^{n}\left[\left(\boldsymbol{\omega}_{i b, k}^{b}-\boldsymbol{\omega}_{i e, k}^{b}\right) \times \mathbf{r}_{k}\right]+\mathbf{v}_{k}$

$a_{RNS}$๋Š” ๋‹ค์Œ ์‹(8)์— ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ธ INS ๊ฐ€์†๋„($a_{INS}$)๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•œ๋‹ค.

(8)
$\mathbf{a}_{I N S}=\mathbf{f}^{n}-\left(2 \boldsymbol{\omega}_{i e}^{n}+\boldsymbol{\omega}_{e n}^{n}\right) \times \mathbf{v}-\mathbf{g}^{n}$

์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ, $g^{n}$๋Š” ํ•ญ๋ฒ• ์ขŒํ‘œ๊ณ„์—์„œ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ธ ์ค‘๋ ฅ ๋ฒกํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, ์ธก์ •ํ–‰๋ ฌ์€ ์‹(9)๊ฐ€ ๋œ๋‹ค.

(9)
$\mathbf{H}_{k}=\left[\begin{array}{lll}\mathbf{I}_{3 \times 3} & 0_{3 \times 9} & \mathbf{a}_{I N S, k}\end{array}\right]$

์ž์„ธ ์ •ํ•ฉ์—์„œ ์ธก์ •์น˜๋Š” ์‹(10)๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค(10).

(10)
$\delta \mathbf{y}_{k}=\boldsymbol{\theta}_{I N S, k}-\boldsymbol{\theta}_{R \Lambda S, k}+\boldsymbol{v}_{k}$

์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ, $\boldsymbol{\theta}_{I N S, k}$๋Š” INS์˜ ์˜ค์ผ๋Ÿฌ ๊ฐ ๋ฒกํ„ฐ, $\boldsymbol{\theta}_{R N S, k}$๋Š” ํ•ญ๊ณต๊ธฐ ํ•ญ๋ฒ•์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์˜ ์˜ค์ผ๋Ÿฌ ๊ฐ ๋ฒกํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ๋‹ค. ํ•ญ๊ณต๊ธฐ์—์„œ ์ œ๊ณต๋˜๋Š” $\boldsymbol{\theta}_{RNS}$๋Š” ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ง€์—ฐ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋ฏ€๋กœ, ์†๋„์™€ ๋งˆ์ฐฌ๊ฐ€์ง€๋กœ ํ…Œ์ผ๋Ÿฌ ๊ธ‰์ˆ˜ ์ „๊ฐœํ•˜์—ฌ ์‹(11)์„ ์–ป์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.

(11)
$\boldsymbol{\theta}_{R N S}\left(t-t_{d}\right)=\boldsymbol{\theta}_{RNS}(t)-\boldsymbol{\theta}_{RNS}^{\&}(t) t_{d}$

์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ, $\theta_{RNS}^{\&}$๋Š” ํ•ญ๊ณต๊ธฐ ํ•ญ๋ฒ• ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์˜ ํ•ญ๋ฒ• ์ขŒํ‘œ๊ณ„์™€ ๋™์ฒด์ขŒํ‘œ๊ณ„ ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ๊ฐ์†๋„๋ฅผ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ๋‹ค. ์‹(11)์„ ์‹(10)์— ๋Œ€์ž…ํ•˜๋ฉด ์‹(12)๋ฅผ ์–ป์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.

(12)
$\delta \mathbf{y}_{k}=\boldsymbol{\theta}_{I N S, k}-\boldsymbol{\theta}_{R N S, k}+\mathbf{N}_{k} \boldsymbol{\omega}_{n b_{R N S}, k}^{b} t_{d, k}+\boldsymbol{v}_{k}$

์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ, $\boldsymbol{\omega}_{n b_{R N S, k}}^{b}$๋Š” ํ•ญ๊ณต๊ธฐ ํ•ญ๋ฒ• ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์˜ ํ•ญ๋ฒ• ์ขŒํ‘œ๊ณ„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋™์ฒด ์ขŒํ‘œ๊ณ„์˜ ๊ฐ์†๋„๋ฅผ ๋™์ฒด ์ขŒํ‘œ๊ณ„์—์„œ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ธ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ํ•ญ๊ณต๊ธฐ ํ•ญ๋ฒ• ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์—์„œ ๊ฐ์†๋„($\boldsymbol{\omega}_{n b_{R N S}}^{b}$)๋Š” ์ œ๊ณต๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์œผ๋ฏ€๋กœ, ์‹ (13)์— ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ธ INS์˜ ๊ฐ์†๋„($\boldsymbol{\omega}_{n b_{I N S}}^{b}$)๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•œ๋‹ค.

(13)
$\boldsymbol{\omega}_{n b_{I N S}}^{b}=\boldsymbol{\omega}_{i b}^{b}-\mathbf{C}_{n}^{b}\left(\boldsymbol{\omega}_{i e}^{n}+\boldsymbol{\omega}_{e n}^{n}\right)$

์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ, $C_{n}^{b}$๋Š” ํ•ญ๋ฒ•์ขŒํ‘œ๊ณ„์—์„œ ๋™์ฒด์ขŒํ‘œ๊ณ„๋กœ์˜ DCM์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ๋‹ค. N์€ $\boldsymbol{\omega}_{n b_{\mathrm{INS}}}^{b}$๋ฅผ gimbal rate์œผ๋กœ ๋ณ€ํ™˜ํ•˜๋Š” ํ–‰๋ ฌ์ด๋ฉฐ, ์‹(14)์™€ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค.

(14)
$\mathbf{N}=\left[\begin{array}{ccc}1 & \sin \alpha \tan \beta & \cos \alpha \tan \beta \\ 0 & \cos \alpha & -\sin \alpha \\ 0 & \frac{\sin \alpha}{\cos \beta} & \frac{\cos \alpha}{\cos \beta}\end{array}\right]$

์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ, $\alpha$๋Š” ๋กค, $\beta$๋Š” ํ”ผ์น˜๋ฅผ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, ์ธก์ •ํ–‰๋ ฌ์€ ์‹(15)์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ๋œ๋‹ค.

(15)
$\mathbf{H}_{k}=\left[\begin{array}{llll}0_{3 \times 3} & \mathbf{M}_{k} &0_{3 \times 3} &\mathbf{N}_{k}\end{array}\right]$

์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ, M์€ ์‹(16)์™€ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค.

(16)
$\mathbf{M}=\left[\begin{array}{ccc}-\frac{\cos \gamma}{\cos \beta} &-\frac{\sin \gamma}{\cos \beta} &0 \\ \sin \gamma &-\cos \beta &0 \\ -\tan \beta \cos \gamma &-\tan \beta \sin \gamma &-1\end{array}\right]$

์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ, $\gamma$๋Š” ์š”๋ฅผ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ๋‹ค.

์†๋„ ๋ฐ ์ž์„ธ ์ •ํ•ฉ์˜ ์ธก์ •์น˜๋Š” ์‹(7)๊ณผ ์‹(12)์— ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ธ ์†๋„, ์ž์„ธ ์ธก์ •์น˜๋ฅผ ๋ชจ๋‘ ํฌํ•จํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ธก์ •ํ–‰๋ ฌ์€ ์‹(17)๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.

(17)
$\mathbf{H}_{k}=\left[\begin{array}{cccc}\mathbf{I}_{3 \times 3} &0_{3 \times 3} &0_{3 \times 6} &\mathbf{a}_{I N S, k} \\ 0_{3 \times 3} &\mathbf{M}_{k} &0_{3 \times 6} &\mathbf{N}_{k}\end{array}\right]$

๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์—์„œ ์ œ์•ˆํ•œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์€ ์‹(3)์—์„œ ๋ณด๋“ฏ์ด ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ง€์—ฐ $t_{d}$๋ฅผ ์นผ๋งŒํ•„ํ„ฐ์˜ ์ƒํƒœ๋ณ€์ˆ˜๋กœ ํฌํ•จ์‹œ์ผœ ์ธก์ •ํ–‰๋ ฌ์„ ์‹(9), ์‹(15) ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์‹(17)๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ๋„์ถœํ•˜์—ฌ ์ถ”์ •ํ•œ๋‹ค.

3. ์„ฑ๋Šฅํ‰๊ฐ€

์ œ์•ˆํ•œ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ์ž์„ธ ๊ฒฐ์ • ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์˜ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์„ผ์„œ ๋ชจ๋ธ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ ์ธก์ •์น˜ ์ƒ์„ฑ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ ์„ฑ๋Šฅํ‰๊ฐ€์™€ ์ง€์ƒ ์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰์‹คํ—˜์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์„ฑ๋Šฅํ‰๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.

3.1 ์ธก์ •์น˜ ์ƒ์„ฑ๊ธฐ ์ถœ๋ ฅ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ ์„ฑ๋Šฅํ‰๊ฐ€

์ธก์ •์น˜ ์ƒ์„ฑ๊ธฐ์— ์ถœ๋ ฅ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ ์„ฑ๋Šฅํ‰๊ฐ€ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์€ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 3๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ์ธก์ •์น˜ ์ƒ์„ฑ๋ถ€์™€ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ์ž์„ธ ๊ฒฐ์ • ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ธก์ •์น˜ ์ƒ์„ฑ๋ถ€๋Š” ํ•ญ์ฒด์˜ ๊ธฐ์ค€๊ถค์ ์„ ์ƒ์„ฑํ•˜๊ณ , ๊ธฐ์ค€๊ถค์ ์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ง€์—ฐ๋œ ํ•ญ๊ณต๊ธฐ ํ•ญ๋ฒ•๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์™€ ์ „์ž๊ด‘ํ•™ ์ถ”์ ์žฅ๋น„์˜ IMU ์ถœ๋ ฅ์„ ์ƒ์„ฑํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ œ์•ˆํ•œ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ์ž์„ธ ๊ฒฐ์ • ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์˜ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ์€ ์ถ”์ •ํ•œ ์ž์„ธ์™€ True์ž์„ธ๋ฅผ ๋น„๊ตํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ๋ถ„์„ํ•œ๋‹ค.

ํ•ญ๊ณต๊ธฐ ํ•ญ๋ฒ•๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ํ‘œ 1์— ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ธ Honeywell์‚ฌ์˜ ํ•ญ๋ฒ•๊ธ‰ ํ•ญ๋ฒ•์‹œ์Šคํ…œ H-764๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ์ค€์œผ๋กœ ์ƒ์„ฑํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, IMU์ถœ๋ ฅ์€ ํ‘œ 2์— ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ธ Northrop Grumman์‚ฌ์˜ LN-200 IMU๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ์ค€์œผ๋กœ ์ƒ์„ฑํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ ˆ๋ฒ„์•” ๋ฒกํ„ฐ๋Š” x์ถ• 0.5m, y์ถ• 0.5m, z์ถ• 0.5m๋กœ ์„ค์ •ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. INS์˜ ์ƒ˜ํ”Œ๋ง ์ฃผ๊ธฐ๋Š” 1/360[์ดˆ]์ด๋ฉฐ, ์นผ๋งŒํ•„ํ„ฐ์˜ ์ƒ˜ํ”Œ๋ง ์ฃผ๊ธฐ๋Š” 1์ดˆ์ด๋‹ค. ๊ณต๋ถ„์‚ฐ ํ–‰๋ ฌ $P_{0}$, Q, R์€ ํŽธ์˜์ƒ ๋Œ€๊ฐํ–‰๋ ฌ๋กœ ๋‘์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ด๋ฅผ ํ‘œ 3์— ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ์˜ค์ฐจ ๊ณต๋ถ„์‚ฐ ํ–‰๋ ฌ($P_{0}$)์€ ์‹œํ–‰์ฐฉ์˜ค๋กœ ํ•ญ๋ฒ• ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ž˜ ๋‚˜์˜ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์„ ํƒํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํ”„๋กœ์„ธ์Šค ์žก์Œ ๊ณต๋ถ„์‚ฐ ํ–‰๋ ฌ(Q)์€ LN-200 IMU์˜ ์‚ฌ์–‘์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ธก์ • ์žก์Œ ๊ณต๋ถ„์‚ฐ ํ–‰๋ ฌ(R)์€ H-764 ์‚ฌ์–‘์„ ์ฐธ์กฐํ•œ ํ›„ ์‹œํ–‰์ฐฉ์˜ค๋กœ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 4๋Š” ๊ธฐ์ค€๊ถค์  ์ƒ์„ฑ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ์ƒ์„ฑํ•œ ํ•ญ๊ณต๊ธฐ์˜ ๊ถค์ ์ด๋ฉฐ, ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 5์—๋Š” ์‹œ๊ฐ„์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ํ•ญ๊ณต๊ธฐ์˜ ์œ„์น˜, ์†๋„, ์ž์„ธ๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด์—ˆ๋‹ค.

๊ทธ๋ฆผ. 3. ์ธก์ •์น˜ ์ƒ์„ฑ๊ธฐ ์ถœ๋ ฅ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ ์„ฑ๋Šฅํ‰๊ฐ€ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ

Fig. 3. Performance evaluation system structure using measurement generator outputs

../../Resources/kiee/KIEE.2021.70.12.1992/fig3.png

ํ‘œ 1. ํ•ญ๊ณต๊ธฐ ํ•ญ๋ฒ•์‹œ์Šคํ…œ H-764์˜ ์‚ฌ์–‘

Table 1. Specification of aircraft navigation system H-764

ํ•ญ๋ชฉ

๊ฐ’

ํ•ญ๋ฒ• ์˜ค์ฐจ

($1\sigma$)

์œ„์น˜

North, East

2.95m

Down

5.7m

์†๋„

0.07m/s

์ž์„ธ

Roll, Pitch

0.01deg

Yaw

0.015deg

์ถœ๋ ฅ์œจ

50Hz

ํ‘œ 2. IMU LN-200์˜ ์‚ฌ์–‘

Table 2. Specification of IMU LN-200

ํ•ญ๋ชฉ

๊ฐ’

๊ฐ€์†๋„๊ณ„

($1\sigma$)

๋žœ๋ค์›Œํฌ ์˜ค์ฐจ

0.03 $m/s/\sqrt{hr}$

๋žœ๋ค ๋ฐ”์ด์–ด์Šค ์˜ค์ฐจ

300$\mu g$

ํ™˜์‚ฐ๊ณ„์ˆ˜ ์˜ค์ฐจ

300ppm

์ž์ด๋กœ

($1\sigma$)

๋žœ๋ค์›Œํฌ ์˜ค์ฐจ

0.07 $\deg /\sqrt{hr}$

๋žœ๋ค ๋ฐ”์ด์–ด์Šค ์˜ค์ฐจ

1 $\deg /hr$

ํ™˜์‚ฐ๊ณ„์ˆ˜ ์˜ค์ฐจ

100ppm

์ถœ๋ ฅ์œจ

360Hz

๊ทธ๋ฆผ. 4. ํ•ญ๊ณต๊ธฐ์˜ ๊ธฐ์ค€๊ถค์ 

Fig. 4. Reference trajectory of the aircraft

../../Resources/kiee/KIEE.2021.70.12.1992/fig4.png

ํ•ญ๊ณต๊ธฐ ํ•ญ๋ฒ•๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ 50ms์˜ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ง€์—ฐ์„ ๊ฐ€์งˆ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, ๋ชฌํ…Œ์นด๋ฅผ๋กœ ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜์„ 100ํšŒ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 6์—๋Š” ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ง€์—ฐ์„ ๋ฏธ๋ณด์ƒํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 7์—๋Š” ์ œ์•ˆํ•œ ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์œผ๋กœ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ง€์—ฐ์„ ๋ณด์ƒํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ RMSE(Root Mean Square Error)๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ฆ‰, ๋ชจ๋“  ์‹œ๊ฐ„๋งˆ๋‹ค ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์˜ ์ถ”์ • ์˜ค์ฐจ์— ์ œ๊ณฑ์„ ์ทจํ•œ ํ›„, ๋™์ผํ•œ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์˜ 100ํšŒ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ์˜ ํ‰๊ท ์„ ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ , ์ด๊ฒƒ์˜ ์ œ๊ณฑ๊ทผ์„ ์ทจํ•œ ๊ฐ’์ด๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ , ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 8์—๋Š” ์ถ”์ •ํ•œ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ง€์—ฐ์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด์—ˆ๋‹ค.

ํ‘œ 3. ๊ณต๋ถ„์‚ฐ ํ–‰๋ ฌ์˜ ๋Œ€๊ฐ ํ•ญ

Table 3. Diagonal terms of covariance matrices

๊ณต๋ถ„์‚ฐ ํ–‰๋ ฌ

์ƒํƒœ๋ณ€์ˆ˜ ๋ฐ ์ธก์ •์น˜

๋Œ€๊ฐ ํ•ญ

$P_{0}$

์†๋„ ์˜ค์ฐจ

0.5 m/s

์ž์„ธ ์˜ค์ฐจ

0.5 deg

๊ฐ€์†๋„๊ณ„ ๋ฐ”์ด์–ด์Šค

2.9 $\times 10^{-3}$ $m/s^{2}$

์ž์ด๋กœ ๋ฐ”์ด์–ด์Šค

2.8 $\times 10^{-4}$ deg/s

์‹œ๊ฐ„ ์ง€์—ฐ

0.05 sec

Q

์†๋„ ์˜ค์ฐจ

3.3 $\times 10^{-4}$ m/s

์ž์„ธ ์˜ค์ฐจ

1.2$\times 10^{-3}$ deg

๊ฐ€์†๋„๊ณ„ ๋ฐ”์ด์–ด์Šค

3$\times 10^{-10}$$m/s^{2}$

์ž์ด๋กœ ๋ฐ”์ด์–ด์Šค

8$\times 10^{-10}$deg/s

์‹œ๊ฐ„ ์ง€์—ฐ

0.001 sec

R

์†๋„ ์ฐจ์ด

North, East

1.5 m/s

Down

0.6 m/s

์ž์„ธ ์ฐจ์ด

Roll, Pitch

0.5 deg

Yaw

0.55 deg

๊ทธ๋ฆผ. 5. ํ•ญ๊ณต๊ธฐ์˜ ์œ„์น˜, ์†๋„, ์ž์„ธ

Fig. 5. Position, velocity and attitude of the aircraft

../../Resources/kiee/KIEE.2021.70.12.1992/fig5.png

๊ทธ๋ฆผ. 6. ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ง€์—ฐ์„ ๋ฏธ๋ณด์ƒํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์˜ ์ถ”์ •์น˜์˜ ์˜ค์ฐจ

Fig. 6. Estimation error without time-delay compensation

../../Resources/kiee/KIEE.2021.70.12.1992/fig6.png

๊ทธ๋ฆผ. 7. ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ง€์—ฐ์„ ๋ณด์ƒํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์˜ ์ถ”์ •์น˜์˜ ์˜ค์ฐจ

Fig. 7. Estimation error with time-delay compensation

../../Resources/kiee/KIEE.2021.70.12.1992/fig7.png

๊ทธ๋ฆผ. 8. ์ถ”์ •ํ•œ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ง€์—ฐ

Fig. 8. Estimated time-delay

../../Resources/kiee/KIEE.2021.70.12.1992/fig8.png

ํ‘œ 4์—๋Š” ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 6๊ณผ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 7์˜ ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰ ์‹œ์ ์—์„œ ์ž์„ธ ์˜ค์ฐจ๊ฐ’ ์ฆ‰, ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ์ž์„ธ์˜ ์˜ค์ฐจ๊ฐ’์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ‘œ 4์— ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋ฉด, ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ง€์—ฐ ์ƒํƒœ๋ณ€์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์ถ”๊ฐ€ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ์†๋„ ์ •ํ•ฉ, ์ž์„ธ ์ •ํ•ฉ, ์†๋„ ๋ฐ ์ž์„ธ ์ •ํ•ฉ ๋ชจ๋‘์˜ ์ถ”์ • ์„ฑ๋Šฅ์ด ํ–ฅ์ƒ๋œ ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์‹(5)์™€ ์‹(7), ์‹(10)๊ณผ ์‹(12)์— ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ธ ์ธก์ •๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜๋ฉด, ์ถ”์ •ํ•œ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ง€์—ฐ์ด ์ •ํ™•ํ•  ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, ์ธก์ •์น˜์˜ ์ •ํ™•์„ฑ์„ ํ‚ค์šธ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Œ์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 8์„ ๋ณด๋ฉด, ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ง€์—ฐ์„ ๊ฑฐ์˜ ์ •ํ™•ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ถ”์ •ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, ์ด๋กœ ์ธํ•ด roll๊ณผ yaw๊ฐ€ ๋ณ€ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ตฌ๊ฐ„์ธ 30์ดˆ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ง€์—ฐ์„ ๋ฏธ๋ณด์ƒํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์— ๋น„ํ•ด ์ž์„ธ ์˜ค์ฐจ๊ฐ€ ํฐ ํญ์œผ๋กœ ์ค„์–ด๋“ค์—ˆ์Œ์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.

ํ‘œ 4. ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ์ž์„ธ ์ถ”์ • ์˜ค์ฐจ

Table 4. Initial attitude estimation error

์ถ•

์ž์„ธ RMSE(deg)

๋น„๊ณ 

์†๋„ ์ •ํ•ฉ

์ž์„ธ ์ •ํ•ฉ

์†๋„ ๋ฐ ์ž์„ธ ์ •ํ•ฉ

Roll

0.248

0.043

0.054

์‹œ๊ฐ„์ง€์—ฐ

๋ฏธ๋ณด์ƒ

Pitch

0.036

0.109

0.314

Yaw

0.154

0.478

0.038

Roll

0.006

0.037

0.005

์‹œ๊ฐ„์ง€์—ฐ

๋ณด์ƒ

Pitch

0.030

0.067

0.030

Yaw

0.006

0.144

0.006

3.2 ์ง€์ƒ ์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰ ์‹คํ—˜์„ ํ†ตํ•œ ์„ฑ๋Šฅํ‰๊ฐ€

์ง€์ƒ ์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰ ์‹คํ—˜์„ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 9์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ๋กค ์šด๋™ ์ž…๋ ฅ ์น˜๊ตฌ, TALIN 4000, LN-200 IMU๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋œ ์‹คํ—˜ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์„ ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•˜๊ณ , ์ด๋ฅผ ์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰์— ํƒ‘์žฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ณ ๊ธฐ๋™ ํ•ญ๊ณต๊ธฐ์˜ ์šด๋™์„ ๋ชจ์‚ฌํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋กค ์šด๋™ ์ž…๋ ฅ ์น˜๊ตฌ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 10๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰ ์šดํ–‰ ์ค‘์— ์ˆ˜๋™์œผ๋กœ ๋กค ์šด๋™์„ ์ž…๋ ฅํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ธฐ๊ตฌ์ด๋‹ค. ํ•ญ๊ณต๊ธฐ ํ•ญ๋ฒ•์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์˜ ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ•˜๋Š” TALIN4000 ํ•ญ๋ฒ•์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์˜ ์‚ฌ์–‘์„ ํ‘œ 5์— ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ธก์ • ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ์ˆ˜์ง‘์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์€ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 11์— ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•ญ๋ฒ•๋ณด๋“œ ์กฐ๋ฆฝ์ฒด๋Š” ํ•ญ๋ฒ•์‹œ์Šคํ…œ๊ณผ IMU ์ธก์ •์น˜์— ์ ์ ˆํ•œ GPS ์‹œ๊ฐ์„ ์ถ”๊ฐ€ํ•˜์—ฌ PC์— ์ „๋‹ฌํ•œ๋‹ค.

์นผ๋งŒํ•„ํ„ฐ์˜ ์ƒ˜ํ”Œ๋ง ์‹œ๊ฐ„์€ 0.8์ดˆ์ด๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ , ํ‘œ 6์—๋Š” $P_{0}$, Q, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  R์˜ ๊ฐ’์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜๊ณผ ๋งˆ์ฐฌ๊ฐ€์ง€๋กœ $P_{0}$๋Š” ์‹œํ–‰์ฐฉ์˜ค๋กœ ์ •ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, Q๋Š” LN-200 IMU์˜ ์‚ฌ์–‘์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. R์€ TALIN4000 ์‚ฌ์–‘์„ ์ฐธ์กฐํ•œ ํ›„ ์‹œํ–‰์ฐฉ์˜ค๋กœ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํ•ญ์ฒด์˜ ๊ธฐ์ค€๊ถค์ ์œผ๋กœ ์žก์€ TALIN4000์˜ ํ•ญ๋ฒ• ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์˜ ์œ„์น˜๊ถค์ ์„ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 12์— ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์‹œ๊ฐ„์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ TALIN4000์˜ ์œ„์น˜, ์†๋„, ์ž์„ธ ์ถœ๋ ฅ์„ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 13์— ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ œ์•ˆํ•œ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ์ž์„ธ ๊ฒฐ์ • ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์˜ ์„ฑ๋Šฅํ‰๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ TALIN4000 ํ•ญ๋ฒ•์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์˜ ์ถœ๋ ฅ์— ๊ฐ•์ œ๋กœ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 14์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด 4.238ms๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 7.078ms๊นŒ์ง€ ํ†ฑ๋‹ˆํŒŒ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋กœ ์ ์  ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋Š” ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ง€์—ฐ์„ ์ธ๊ฐ€ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.

๊ทธ๋ฆผ. 9. ์ง€์ƒ ์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰ ์‹คํ—˜ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ

Fig. 9. Experimental setup of a land vehicle

../../Resources/kiee/KIEE.2021.70.12.1992/fig9.png

๊ทธ๋ฆผ. 10. ๋กค ์šด๋™ ์ž…๋ ฅ ์น˜๊ตฌ

Fig. 10. Roll motion input tool

../../Resources/kiee/KIEE.2021.70.12.1992/fig10.png

๊ทธ๋ฆผ. 11. ์ธก์ •์น˜ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ์ˆ˜์ง‘์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ

Fig. 11. System configuration for measurement data collection

../../Resources/kiee/KIEE.2021.70.12.1992/fig11.png

ํ‘œ 5. TALIN4000 ํ•ญ๋ฒ•์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์˜ ์‚ฌ์–‘

Table 5. Specification of TALIN4000 navigation system

ํ•ญ๋ชฉ

๊ฐ’

ํ•ญ๋ฒ• ์˜ค์ฐจ

($1\sigma$)

์œ„์น˜

10m

์ž์„ธ

Roll, Pitch

0.0028deg

Yaw

0.0056deg

์ถœ๋ ฅ์œจ

12.5Hz

ํ‘œ 6. ๊ณต๋ถ„์‚ฐ ํ–‰๋ ฌ์˜ ๋Œ€๊ฐ ํ•ญ

Table 6. Diagonal terms of covariance matrices

๊ณต๋ถ„์‚ฐ ํ–‰๋ ฌ

์ƒํƒœ๋ณ€์ˆ˜ ๋ฐ ์ธก์ •์น˜

๋Œ€๊ฐ ํ•ญ

$P_{0}$

์†๋„ ์˜ค์ฐจ

0.1 m/s

์ž์„ธ ์˜ค์ฐจ

0.1 deg

๊ฐ€์†๋„๊ณ„ ๋ฐ”์ด์–ด์Šค

2.9 $\times 10^{-3}$ $m/s^{2}$

์ž์ด๋กœ ๋ฐ”์ด์–ด์Šค

2.8 $\times 10^{-4}$ deg/s

์‹œ๊ฐ„ ์ง€์—ฐ

0.4 sec

Q

์†๋„ ์˜ค์ฐจ

3.3 $\times 10^{-4}$ m/s

์ž์„ธ ์˜ค์ฐจ

1.2$\times 10^{-3}$ deg

๊ฐ€์†๋„๊ณ„ ๋ฐ”์ด์–ด์Šค

3$\times 10^{-10}$$m/s^{2}$

์ž์ด๋กœ ๋ฐ”์ด์–ด์Šค

8$\times 10^{-10}$deg/s

์‹œ๊ฐ„ ์ง€์—ฐ

0.008 sec

R

์†๋„ ์ฐจ์ด

0.5 m/s

์ž์„ธ ์ฐจ์ด

Roll, Pitch

3$\times 10^{-2}$ deg

Yaw

7$\times 10^{-2}$ deg

๊ทธ๋ฆผ. 12. ํ•ญ์ฒด์˜ ๊ธฐ์ค€๊ถค์ (TALIN4000์˜ ์ถœ๋ ฅ)

Fig. 12. Reference trajectory of vehicle(Output of TALIN4000)

../../Resources/kiee/KIEE.2021.70.12.1992/fig12.png

๊ทธ๋ฆผ. 13. TALIN4000์˜ ์œ„์น˜, ์†๋„, ์ž์„ธ

Fig. 13. Position, velocity and attitude of TALIN4000

../../Resources/kiee/KIEE.2021.70.12.1992/fig13.png

์ˆ˜์ง‘ํ•œ TALIN4000 ํ•ญ๋ฒ•์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์˜ ์ถœ๋ ฅ๊ณผ ์ œ์•ˆํ•œ ๋ฐฉ์‹์˜ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ์ž์„ธ ๊ฒฐ์ • ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด์•˜๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 15์—๋Š” ์ธก์ •์น˜ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ง€์—ฐ์„ ๋ฏธ๋ณด์ƒํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 16์—๋Š” ์ธก์ •์น˜ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ง€์—ฐ์„ ๋ณด์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ์ œ์•ˆํ•œ ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์˜ ์ถ”์ •๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ธ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 17์—๋Š” ์ถ”์ •ํ•œ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ง€์—ฐ์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ‘œ 7์—๋Š” ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 15๊ณผ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 16์— ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ์ค‘ ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰ ์‹œ์ ์—์„œ์˜ ์ž์„ธ ์ถ”์ •์น˜์˜ ์˜ค์ฐจ ์ฆ‰, ์ดˆ๊ธฐ์ž์„ธ ์˜ค์ฐจ๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด์—ˆ๋‹ค.

๊ทธ๋ฆผ. 14. ํ•ญ๋ฒ• ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ์ถœ๋ ฅ์˜ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ง€์—ฐ

Fig. 14. Time-delay of navigation system outputs

../../Resources/kiee/KIEE.2021.70.12.1992/fig14.png

๊ทธ๋ฆผ. 15. ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ง€์—ฐ์„ ๋ฏธ๋ณด์ƒํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์˜ ์ถ”์ • ์˜ค์ฐจ

Fig. 15. Estimation error without time-delay compensation

../../Resources/kiee/KIEE.2021.70.12.1992/fig15.png

๊ทธ๋ฆผ. 16. ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ง€์—ฐ์„ ๋ณด์ƒํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์˜ ์˜ค์ฐจ

Fig. 16. Estimation error with time-delay compensation

../../Resources/kiee/KIEE.2021.70.12.1992/fig16.png

๊ทธ๋ฆผ. 17. ์ถ”์ •ํ•œ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ง€์—ฐ

Fig. 17. Estimated time-delay

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4. ๊ฒฐ๋ก  ๋ฐ ์ถ”ํ›„ ๊ณ„ํš

๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ธก์ •์น˜ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ง€์—ฐ ๋ณด์ƒ์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•œ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ์ž์„ธ ๊ฒฐ์ • ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์„ ์ œ์•ˆํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ œ์•ˆํ•œ ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์˜ ์œ ์šฉํ•จ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์„ผ์„œ ๋ชจ๋ธ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ ์ธก์ •์น˜ ์ƒ์„ฑ๊ธฐ์˜ ์ถœ๋ ฅ๊ณผ ์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰ ์‹คํ—˜์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์„ฑ๋Šฅ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์„ฑ๋Šฅํ‰๊ฐ€ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ง€์—ฐ์„ ๋ณด์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ์ œ์•ˆํ•œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ง€์—ฐ์„ ๋ณด์ƒํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์— ๋น„ํ•ด์„œ ์šฐ์ˆ˜ํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ, ์ธก์ •์น˜๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋งŽ์ด ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ์†๋„ ๋ฐ ์ž์„ธ ์ •ํ•ฉ์ด ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ •ํ™•ํ•œ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ์ž์„ธ ์ถ”์ • ์„ฑ๋Šฅ์„ ๋ณด์ด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, ํ•ญ๊ณต๊ธฐ์˜ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ง€์—ฐ๊ณผ ์นผ๋งŒํ•„ํ„ฐ์˜ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ง€์—ฐ ๋ชจ๋ธ์ด ์ผ์น˜ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋Š” ์†๋„์™€ ์ž์„ธ ์ฐจ์ด ์ธก์ •์น˜์— ๋ถ€์ •ํ™•์„ฑ์ด ์ปค์ ธ์„œ, ํŠน์ • ์ถ•์˜ ์˜ค์ฐจ๊ฐ€ ์ปค์ง€๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋„ ํ™•์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค.

์ถ”ํ›„์—๋Š” ์ƒํ™ฉ์— ๋งž๊ฒŒ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ง€์—ฐ ๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ์ˆ˜์ •ํ•˜๊ณ , ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ง€์—ฐ์ด ๊ฐ€๋ณ€ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋Š” ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ƒํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์„ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์•„์šธ๋Ÿฌ, ์ œ์•ˆํ•œ ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์„ ํ•ญ๊ณต๊ธฐ์— ํƒ‘์žฌํ•˜์—ฌ ์‹ค์‹œ๊ฐ„ ํ•ญ๋ฒ• ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์˜ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ์ž์„ธ ๊ฒฐ์ •์— ํ™œ์šฉํ•  ๊ณ„ํš์ด๋‹ค.

Acknowledgements

This research was supported by the Agency for Defense Development (UD200003FD).

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์ €์ž์†Œ๊ฐœ

์†์žฌํ›ˆ(Jae Hoon Son)
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He received B.S. degree in the Department of IT Electronics Engineering, Daejeon University, in 2018.

Currently, he is a Ph.D. candidate at the Department of Electronics Engineering, Chungnam National University.

E-mail : sonjaehoon@cnu.ac.kr

์ตœ์šฐ์ง„(Woo Jin Choi)
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He received B.S. degree in the Department of Precision Engineering, The University of Tokyo, in 2014.

Currently, he is engineer of Agency for Defense Development.

E-mail : wojnch@add.re.kr

๊น€์„ฑ์ˆ˜(Sung-Su Kim)
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He received B.S. degree in the Department of Control and Instrumentation Engineering, Kyungil University, in 2001.

He received M.S. degree in Department of Mechatronics Engineering, Chungnam National University, in 2003.

From 2004 to 2006, he was engineer of Korea Atomic Defense Development.

Currently, he is senior research engineer in Agency for Defense Development.

E-mail : kimsungsu@add.re.kr

์˜ค์ƒํ—Œ(Sang Heon Oh)
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He received M.S. and Ph.D. degree from Chungnam National University.

E-mail : laborosh@gmail.com

์ด์ƒ์ •(Sang Jeong Lee)
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He is a professor with the Department of Electronics Engineering, Chungnam National University, Korea.

He received his B.S., M.S., and Ph.D. degrees from Seoul National University, Korea, in 1979, 1981, and 1987, respectively.

E-mail : eesjl@cnu.ac.kr

ํ™ฉ๋™ํ™˜(Dong-Hwan Hwang)
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He is a professor in the Department of Electronics Engineering, Chungnam National University, Korea.

He received his B.S. degree from Seoul National University, Korea in 1985.

He received M.S. and Ph.D. degree from Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Korea in 1987 and 1991, respectively.

E-mail : dhhwang@cnu.ac.kr