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  1. (Dept. of Electrical, Electronics and Communication Engineering, Korea University of Technology and Education, Korea.)



MV-LVDC Distribution System, Off-grid Micro-grid, Operation Method of Protection Coordination, Protection Devices

1. ์„œ ๋ก 

์ตœ๊ทผ, ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์‹ ์žฌ์ƒ์—๋„ˆ์ง€์ „์›์˜ ๋„์ž… ๋ฐ DC ๋ถ€ํ•˜์˜ ์ฆ๊ฐ€, ์†Œ๋น„์ž์˜ ๊ณ ํ’ˆ์งˆยท๊ณ ์‹ ๋ขฐ์„ฑ ์ „๋ ฅ๊ณต๊ธ‰ ์š”๊ตฌ, ๋“ฑ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•˜์—ฌ, MVDC ๋ฐฐ์ „๊ณ„ํ†ต์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ด€์‹ฌ์ด ๊ธ‰์ฆํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ(1-4), ๊ตญ๋‚ด์™ธ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์•„์ง ์‹ค์ฆ๋‹จ๊ณ„์— ๋จธ๋ฌผ๋Ÿฌ ์žˆ๋Š” ์‹ค์ •์ด๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ, ๋ฐฐ์ „์„ ๋กœ, ์ฐจ๋‹จ๊ธฐ, ์• ์ž, ๋“ฑ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ MVDC์šฉ ์„ค๋น„๋“ค์€ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๋‹จ๊ณ„์— ์žˆ์–ด ์ƒ์šฉํ™”๋œ ์ œํ’ˆ์ด ๊ฑฐ์˜ ์—†์œผ๋ฉฐ, MVDC ๋ฐฐ์ „๋ง์„ ๊ตฌ์ถ•ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ๋งŽ์€ ์–ด๋ ค์›€์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค(5-8). ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ, ๊ธฐ์กด์˜ AC ๋ฐฐ์ „๊ณ„ํ†ต์—์„œ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๋Š” ๊ธฐ๊ธฐ ๋ฐ ์„ ๋กœ๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ, MVDC ๋ฐฐ์ „๋ง์— ์ ์šฉํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์‹ค์ฆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ํ™œ๋ฐœํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ง„ํ–‰๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜, ๊ธฐ์กด์˜ AC ๋ฐฐ์ „์„ค๋น„๋“ค์„ MVDC ๋ฐฐ์ „๋ง์— ์ ์šฉํ•  ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, ์ปจ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ ๋ฐ ์„ ๋กœ์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ณ ๊ฐ€์˜ MVDC ๋ฐฐ์ „์„ค๋น„๋“ค์„ ์‚ฌ๊ณ  ๋ฐœ์ƒ ์‹œ ๋ณดํ˜ธํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•  ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ์žˆ์œผ๋ฏ€๋กœ, MVDC ๋ฐฐ์ „๋ง์˜ ์•ˆ์ •์ ์ธ ์šด์šฉ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋ณดํ˜ธํ˜‘์กฐ ์šด์šฉ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ์ด ์š”๊ตฌ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค(9).

๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์—์„œ๋Š” 5kV๊ธ‰ MV-LVDC ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๋“œ์˜ ์•ˆ์ •์ ์ธ ์šด์šฉ์„ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ, ์‚ฌ๊ณ ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•  ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์‚ฌ๊ณ ์ „๋ฅ˜์˜ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ๊ณผ ๋ณดํ˜ธ๊ธฐ๊ธฐ์˜ TCC ํŠน์„ฑ๊ณก์„ ์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•œ ์‹œ๋‚˜๋ฆฌ์˜ค๋ณ„ ๋ณดํ˜ธ๊ธฐ๊ธฐ์˜ ์šด์šฉ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ์„ ์ œ์•ˆํ•œ๋‹ค. ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ, ์ƒ์ •์‚ฌ๊ณ  ์‹œ๋‚˜๋ฆฌ์˜ค๋Š” MVDC์ธก, LVDC์ธก, ์ˆ˜์šฉ๊ฐ€ ๋ถ€ํ•˜(AC)์ธก ์‚ฌ๊ณ ๋กœ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„๋˜๋Š”๋ฐ, MVDC์ธก ์‚ฌ๊ณ ๋Š” 5kV MVDC ์ง€์ค‘์„ ๋กœ์—์„œ ์‚ฌ๊ณ ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์ด๋ฉฐ, LVDC์ธก ์‚ฌ๊ณ ๋Š” ESS์šฉ ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ์™€ ์–‘๋ฐฉํ–ฅ DC/DC ์ปจ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐํ•˜๋Š” DC ์ „๋กœ์—์„œ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์ด๊ณ , ์ˆ˜์šฉ๊ฐ€ ๋ถ€ํ•˜(AC)์ธก ์‚ฌ๊ณ ๋Š” ์ˆ˜์šฉ๊ฐ€ ๋ถ€ํ•˜์šฉ ์ธ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ์™€ EV charger ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ AC ์„ ๋กœ์—์„œ ์‚ฌ๊ณ ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์ด๋‹ค. ํ•œํŽธ, ๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์ƒ์ •์‚ฌ๊ณ ๋ฅผ ํ•ด์„ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ, ๋ฐฐ์ „๊ณ„ํ†ต ์ƒ์šฉํ•ด์„ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์ธ PSCAD/EMTDC๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•ด ํƒœ์–‘๊ด‘์ „์›, ESS, MVDC ์„ ๋กœ, DC/DC ์ปจ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ, DC/AC ์ธ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ, ๋ณดํ˜ธ๊ธฐ๊ธฐ ๋“ฑ์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง„ ์ „์ฒด ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์˜ ๋ชจ๋ธ๋ง์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ƒ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ์ œ์‹œํ•œ ๋ชจ๋ธ๋ง ๋ฐ ์ƒ์ •์‚ฌ๊ณ ๋ณ„ ์‹œ๋‚˜๋ฆฌ์˜ค๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ MVDC/LVDC ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๋“œ์˜ ๋ณดํ˜ธํ˜‘์กฐ ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ ์ œ์•ˆํ•œ ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๋“œ์šฉ ๋ณดํ˜ธํ˜‘์กฐ ๊ธฐ๊ธฐ์˜ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ ๋ฐ ๋ณดํ˜ธํ˜‘์กฐ ์šด์šฉ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ์ด ์ ์ ˆํ•จ์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค.

2. 5kV๊ธ‰ MV-LVDC ๋…๋ฆฝํ˜• MG์˜ ๋ณดํ˜ธํ˜‘์กฐ ์šด์šฉ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ

2.1 5kV๊ธ‰ MV-LVDC ๋…๋ฆฝํ˜• MG์˜ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ

์ตœ๊ทผ, ๊ตญ๋‚ด์—์„œ๋Š” ์ „๋ ฅ๋ณ€ํ™˜๋‹จ๊ณ„์˜ ์†์‹ค๊ณผ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์˜ ๊ตฌ์ถ•๋น„์šฉ์„ ์ €๊ฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” MV-LVDC ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๋“œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์‹ค์ฆ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ํ™œ๋ฐœํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ถ”์ง„๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค(10). ํŠนํžˆ, ์ „๋ผ๋‚จ๋„์—์„œ๋Š” ์†Œ๊ทœ๋ชจ DC ๋ฐฐ์ „๋ง์˜ ์‹ค์ฆ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ 5kV๊ธ‰ MV-LVDC ๋…๋ฆฝํ˜• ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๋“œ์˜ ๊ตฌํ˜„ ์‚ฌ์—…์„ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ MV-LVDC ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๋“œ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 1๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ์„ธ ๊ฐœ์˜ section์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋œ๋‹ค. ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ, section A๋Š” 1.15MW๊ธ‰ ํƒœ์–‘๊ด‘์ „์›(PV 1,2,3), ํƒœ์–‘๊ด‘์ „์›์šฉ DC/DC ์ปจ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ, ๋“ฑ์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋œ ์ฃผ ๋ฐœ์ „์›๋ถ€์ด๋ฉฐ, ํƒœ์–‘๊ด‘์ „์›์€ 750V์˜ LVDC ์„ ๋กœ์— ์—ฐ๊ณ„๋˜๊ณ , ์Šน์••์šฉ DC/DC ์ปจ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•ด 5kV์˜ MVDC๋กœ ์Šน์••ํ•˜์—ฌ, section B์ธ 5kV๊ธ‰ MVDC ์„ ๋กœ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ESS ๋ฐ ๋ถ€ํ•˜๋กœ ์ „๋ ฅ์„ ๊ณต๊ธ‰ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, section C๋Š” 100kW๊ธ‰ ํƒœ์–‘๊ด‘์ „์›(PV4), 1.5MWh๊ธ‰ ESS, 400kW๊ธ‰์˜ ์ˆ˜์šฉ๊ฐ€ ๋ถ€ํ•˜(EV ์ถฉ์ „๊ธฐ, ๊ณต์žฅ), ๋“ฑ์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ESS๋Š” ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ์šฉ ์–‘๋ฐฉํ–ฅ DC/DC ์ปจ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ „์••์„ 750V/5kV๋กœ ๋ณ€ํ™˜ํ•˜์—ฌ, ํƒœ์–‘๊ด‘์ „์›์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋ฐœ์ „๋œ ์ž‰์—ฌ์ „๋ ฅ์„ ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ์— ์ €์žฅํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์ €์žฅ๋œ ์ „๋ ฅ์„ ๋ถ€ํ•˜๊ณต๊ธ‰์šฉ DC/DC ์ปจ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ์™€ ์ˆ˜์šฉ๊ฐ€์šฉ DC/AC ์ธ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ถ€ํ•˜์— ๊ณต๊ธ‰ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜, ์ƒ๊ธฐ์˜ ์‹ค์ฆ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋Š” ์ƒ์šฉํ™”๋œ MVDC์šฉ ์ „์šฉ ๋ณดํ˜ธ๊ธฐ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์•„ ๊ธฐ์กด์˜ AC ๋ณดํ˜ธ๊ธฐ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ DC ์„ ๋กœ์ธก์—์„œ ์‚ฌ๊ณ  ๋ฐœ์ƒ ์‹œ ์ปจ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ ๋ฐ MVDC ์„ ๋กœ์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ณ ๊ฐ€์˜ ์„ค๋น„๋“ค์„ ๋ณดํ˜ธํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•  ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ์žˆ์œผ๋ฏ€๋กœ, MVDC ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๋“œ์˜ ์•ˆ์ •์ ์ธ ์šด์šฉ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋ณดํ˜ธํ˜‘์กฐ ์šด์šฉ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ์ด ์š”๊ตฌ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค.

๊ทธ๋ฆผ. 1. 5kV MV-LVDC ๋…๋ฆฝํ˜• ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๋“œ์˜ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ

Fig. 1. Configuration of 5kV MV-LVDC off-grid MG system

../../Resources/kiee/KIEE.2022.71.1.045/fig1.png

2.2 MG์šฉ ๋ณดํ˜ธํ˜‘์กฐ ๊ธฐ๊ธฐ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ

5kV๊ธ‰ MV-LVDC ๋…๋ฆฝํ˜• MG์—์„œ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๋Š” ๋ณดํ˜ธ๊ธฐ๊ธฐ์˜ ์‚ฌ๊ณ ์ „๋ฅ˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋™์ž‘ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๋ฉด ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 2์™€ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค. ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ, ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 2 (a)๋Š” DC ACB ๋ฐ DC MCCB์˜ ๋™์ž‘ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๋ฉฐ, ์ •๊ฒฉ์ „๋ฅ˜์˜ 40~100%์—์„œ๋Š” ์žฅํ•œ์‹œ๋ณดํ˜ธ, 150~1,000%์—์„œ๋Š” ๋‹จํ•œ์‹œ๋ณดํ˜ธ์™€ ์ˆœ์‹œ๋ณดํ˜ธ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๊ณ , ์ •๊ฒฉ์ „๋ฅ˜์˜ 20~100%์— ํ•ด๋‹นํ•˜๋Š” ์ง€๋ฝ๋ณดํ˜ธ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ตœ์†Œ ๋™์ž‘ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์€ 20[ms]์ด๋‹ค(11). ๋˜ํ•œ, DC fuse๋Š” ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 2 (b)์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ์„ ๋กœ ๋ฐ ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋ณดํ˜ธํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์‹ ์†ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋™์ž‘ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฐ˜ํ•œ์‹œ ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋ฉฐ, CTR(contactor)์€ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 2 (c)์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด 8kA์—์„œ๋Š” 100ms์ด๋‚ด, 20kA์—์„œ๋Š” 20ms ์ด๋‚ด๋กœ ๋™์ž‘ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ณดํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜๋Š” ๋‹จํ•œ์‹œ ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„๋‹ค(12).

๊ทธ๋ฆผ. 2. ๋ณดํ˜ธ๊ธฐ๊ธฐ ํŠน์„ฑ

Fig. 2. Operation characteristics of protection devices

../../Resources/kiee/KIEE.2022.71.1.045/fig2.png

2.3 MG์šฉ ๋ณดํ˜ธํ˜‘์กฐ ์šด์šฉ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ

2.3.1 MVDC ์„ ๋กœ ์‚ฌ๊ณ  ์‹œ ๋ณดํ˜ธํ˜‘์กฐ ์šด์šฉ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ

5kV๊ธ‰ MV-LVDC ๋…๋ฆฝํ˜• MG์˜ MVDC ์„ ๋กœ(XLPE 95mm2)์—์„œ ์‚ฌ๊ณ ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•  ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, ์‚ฌ๊ณ ์ „๋ฅ˜์˜ ํ๋ฆ„์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๋ฉด ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 3๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค. ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ, ์‚ฌ๊ณ ๋ฐœ์ƒ ์ง€์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ๋ฅด๋Š” ์ „๋ฅ˜๋Š” section A์˜ ํƒœ์–‘๊ด‘์ „์›์—์„œ ์œ ์ž…๋˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๊ณ ์ „๋ฅ˜ โ‘ ๊ณผ, section C์˜ ESS์—์„œ ์œ ์ž…๋˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๊ณ ์ „๋ฅ˜ โ‘ก, section C์˜ ํƒœ์–‘๊ด‘์ „์›์—์„œ ์œ ์ž…๋˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๊ณ ์ „๋ฅ˜ โ‘ข์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋•Œ, MVDC ์„ ๋กœ์—์„œ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๊ณ ์ „๋ฅ˜ ํŠน์„ฑ์€ ์‚ฌ๊ณ ์ „๋ฅ˜๋ฅผ ๊ณต๊ธ‰ํ•˜๋Š” ์ „์›์—์„œ ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šด ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ์— ์œ„์น˜ํ•˜๊ณ , ๋‹ค์ˆ˜์˜ ์ปจ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ์— ์„ค์น˜๋œ DC ๋งํฌ ์ปคํŒจ์‹œํ„ฐ์˜ ์ˆœ๊ฐ„์ ์ธ ๋ฐฉ์ „์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ๋†’์€ ์‚ฌ๊ณ ์ „๋ฅ˜๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ, MVDC ์„ ๋กœ๋ฅผ ๋ณดํ˜ธํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ, MVDC ์„ ๋กœ ์–‘๋‹จ์— ์„ค์น˜๋œ fuse๋Š” ์‚ฌ๊ณ ์ „๋ฅ˜ โ‘ ๊ณผ ์‚ฌ๊ณ ์ „๋ฅ˜ โ‘ก, ์‚ฌ๊ณ ์ „๋ฅ˜ โ‘ข์„ ํ•ฉ์นœ ๊ฐ’์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜์—ฌ ์ ์ •ํ•œ ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฐ์ •๋˜์–ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ MVDC ์„ ๋กœ์—์„œ ์‚ฌ๊ณ ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ณดํ˜ธ๊ธฐ๊ธฐ์˜ TCC ํŠน์„ฑ๊ณก์„ ์€ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 4์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 4 (a)๋Š” ์‚ฌ๊ณ ์ „๋ฅ˜ โ‘ ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ณดํ˜ธ๊ธฐ๊ธฐ์˜ TCC ํŠน์„ฑ๊ณก์„ ์œผ๋กœ, MVDC ์„ ๋กœ๋ฅผ ๋ณดํ˜ธํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋จผ์ € MVDC ์„ ๋กœ์šฉ fuse(230A)๊ฐ€ ๋™์ž‘ํ•˜๊ณ , CTR(400A, 800A), MCCB(150kW, 500kW) ์ˆœ์„œ๋Œ€๋กœ ๋ณดํ˜ธ๊ธฐ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋™์ž‘ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ธ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 4 (b)๋Š” ์‚ฌ๊ณ ์ „๋ฅ˜ โ‘ก์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ TCC ํŠน์„ฑ๊ณก์„ ์œผ๋กœ, MVDC ์„ ๋กœ๋ฅผ ๋ณดํ˜ธํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋จผ์ € MVDC ์„ ๋กœ์šฉ fuse(230A)๊ฐ€ ๋™์ž‘ํ•˜๊ณ , CTR (800A), ACB(500kW) ์ˆœ์„œ๋Œ€๋กœ ๋ณดํ˜ธ๊ธฐ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋™์ž‘ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ธ๋‹ค. ํ•œํŽธ, ์‚ฌ๊ณ ์ „๋ฅ˜ โ‘ข์€ ์‚ฌ๊ณ ์ „๋ฅ˜๋ฅผ ๊ณต๊ธ‰ํ•˜๋Š” ์ „์›์˜ ํฌ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์ƒ๋Œ€์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ž‘๊ณ  ์‚ฌ๊ณ ์ง€์ ์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋จผ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ์— ์œ„์น˜ํ•˜์—ฌ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ๋Š” ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค.

๊ทธ๋ฆผ. 3. MVDC ์„ ๋กœ์—์„œ ์‚ฌ๊ณ ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•  ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, ์‚ฌ๊ณ ์ „๋ฅ˜ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ

Fig. 3. Current flow for a fault occurred in MVDC line

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๊ทธ๋ฆผ. 4. MVDC ์‚ฌ๊ณ ์ง€์ ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ณดํ˜ธํ˜‘์กฐ TCC ํŠน์„ฑ๊ณก์„ 

Fig. 4. TCC curve of protection coordination for fault occurred in MVDC

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2.3.2 LVDC ์„ ๋กœ ์‚ฌ๊ณ  ์‹œ ๋ณดํ˜ธํ˜‘์กฐ ์šด์šฉ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ

๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ์™€ ์ปจ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ LVDC ์„ ๋กœ์—์„œ ์‚ฌ๊ณ ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•  ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, ์‚ฌ๊ณ ์ „๋ฅ˜์˜ ํ๋ฆ„์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๋ฉด ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 5์™€ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค. ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ, ์‚ฌ๊ณ ๋ฐœ์ƒ ์ง€์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ๋ฅด๋Š” ์ „๋ฅ˜๋Š” section A์˜ ํƒœ์–‘๊ด‘์ „์›์—์„œ ์œ ์ž…๋˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๊ณ ์ „๋ฅ˜ โ‘ ๊ณผ, section C์˜ ESS์—์„œ ์œ ์ž…๋˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๊ณ ์ „๋ฅ˜ โ‘ก, section C์˜ ํƒœ์–‘๊ด‘์ „์›์—์„œ ์œ ์ž…๋˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๊ณ ์ „๋ฅ˜ โ‘ข์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋•Œ, LVDC ์„ ๋กœ์—์„œ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๊ณ ์ „๋ฅ˜์˜ ํŠน์„ฑ์€ ์‚ฌ๊ณ ์ „๋ฅ˜๋ฅผ ๊ณต๊ธ‰ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ์— ๊ทผ์ ‘ํ•œ ์„ ๋กœ์—์„œ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•œ ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ ์™ธ๋ถ€๋‹จ๋ฝ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•˜์—ฌ ๋†’์€ ์‚ฌ๊ณ ์ „๋ฅ˜๊ฐ€ ๊ณต๊ธ‰๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ, ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋ณดํ˜ธํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์„ค์น˜๋œ ESS fuse๋Š” ์‚ฌ๊ณ ์ „๋ฅ˜ โ‘ก๋ฅผ ์ฐจ๋‹จํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฐ์ •๋˜์–ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, ํƒœ์–‘๊ด‘์ „์›์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์‚ฌ๊ณ ๊ตฌ๊ฐ„์„ ๋ถ„๋ฆฌํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ DC ACB๋Š” ์‚ฌ๊ณ ์ „๋ฅ˜ โ‘ ๊ณผ ์‚ฌ๊ณ ์ „๋ฅ˜ โ‘ข์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜์—ฌ ์‚ฐ์ •๋˜์–ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ, LVDC ์„ ๋กœ์—์„œ ์‚ฌ๊ณ ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ณดํ˜ธ๊ธฐ๊ธฐ์˜ TCC ํŠน์„ฑ๊ณก์„ ์€ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 6๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ, ์‚ฌ๊ณ ์ „๋ฅ˜ โ‘ก์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ณดํ˜ธ๋Š” ESS fuse(800A)๊ฐ€ ๋‹ด๋‹นํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ์‚ฌ๊ณ ์ „๋ฅ˜ โ‘ ๊ณผ ์‚ฌ๊ณ ์ „๋ฅ˜ โ‘ข์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ณดํ˜ธ๋Š” ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋จผ์ € DC ACB(500kW)๊ฐ€ ๋™์ž‘ํ•˜๊ณ , CTR(800A), MVDC fuse(230A) ๋ฐ MCCB(500kW)๊ฐ€ ์ˆœ์„œ๋Œ€๋กœ ๋™์ž‘ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ธ๋‹ค.

๊ทธ๋ฆผ. 5. LVDC ์„ ๋กœ์—์„œ ์‚ฌ๊ณ ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•  ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, ์‚ฌ๊ณ ์ „๋ฅ˜ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ

Fig. 5. Current flow for the fault occurred in LVDC line

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๊ทธ๋ฆผ. 6. LVDC ์‚ฌ๊ณ ์ง€์ ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ณดํ˜ธํ˜‘์กฐ TCC ํŠน์„ฑ๊ณก์„ 

Fig. 6. TCC curve of protection coordination for fault occurred in LVDC

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2.3.3 ์ˆ˜์šฉ๊ฐ€ ๋ถ€ํ•˜(AC)์ธก ์‚ฌ๊ณ  ์‹œ ๋ณดํ˜ธํ˜‘์กฐ ์šด์šฉ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ

์ˆ˜์šฉ๊ฐ€ ๋ถ€ํ•˜(EV charger)์™€ ์ธ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ AC์ธก ์„ ๋กœ์—์„œ ์‚ฌ๊ณ ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•  ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, ์‚ฌ๊ณ ์ „๋ฅ˜์˜ ํ๋ฆ„์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๋ฉด ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 7๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค. ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ, ์‚ฌ๊ณ ๋ฐœ์ƒ ์ง€์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ๋ฅด๋Š” ์ „๋ฅ˜๋Š” section A์˜ ํƒœ์–‘๊ด‘์ „์›์—์„œ ์œ ์ž…๋˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๊ณ ์ „๋ฅ˜ โ‘ ๊ณผ, section C์˜ ESS์—์„œ ์œ ์ž…๋˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๊ณ ์ „๋ฅ˜ โ‘ก, section C์˜ ํƒœ์–‘๊ด‘์ „์›์—์„œ ์œ ์ž…๋˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๊ณ ์ „๋ฅ˜ โ‘ข์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋œ๋‹ค. ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ, ์‚ฌ๊ณ ์ „๋ฅ˜ โ‘ ๊ณผ โ‘ก๋Š” ์‚ฌ๊ณ ์ง€์ ์—์„œ ๋จผ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ์— ์œ„์น˜ํ•  ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ, ๋‹ค์ˆ˜์˜ ์ปจ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ํ†ต๊ณผํ•˜์—ฌ ๋น„๊ต์  ์‚ฌ๊ณ ์ „๋ฅ˜๊ฐ€ ์ž‘๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ , ์‚ฌ๊ณ ์ง€์ ์—์„œ ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šด ์‚ฌ๊ณ ์ „๋ฅ˜ โ‘ข์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋งŒ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜๊ธฐ๋กœ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ฆ‰, ์ˆ˜์šฉ๊ฐ€ ์„ค๋น„๋ฅผ ๋ณดํ˜ธํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์„ค์น˜๋œ AC MCCB๋Š” ์‚ฌ๊ณ ์ „๋ฅ˜ โ‘ข์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜์—ฌ ์ ์ •ํ•œ ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰์„ ์‚ฐ์ •ํ•ด์•ผํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ, ์ˆ˜์šฉ๊ฐ€ ๋ถ€ํ•˜(EV charger)์™€ ์ธ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ AC์ธก ์„ ๋กœ์—์„œ ์‚ฌ๊ณ ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ TCC ํŠน์„ฑ๊ณก์„ ์€ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 8๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ, ์‚ฌ๊ณ ์ „๋ฅ˜ โ‘ข์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ณดํ˜ธ๋Š” ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋จผ์ € AC MCCB(150kW)๊ฐ€ ๋™์ž‘ํ•˜๊ณ , DC MCCB(100kW), DC MCCB(500kW)๊ฐ€ ์ˆœ์„œ๋Œ€๋กœ ๋™์ž‘ํ•œ๋‹ค.

๊ทธ๋ฆผ. 7. ์ˆ˜์šฉ๊ฐ€๋ถ€ํ•˜(AC) ์ธก์—์„œ ์‚ฌ๊ณ ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•  ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, ์‚ฌ๊ณ ์ „๋ฅ˜ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ

Fig. 7. Current flow for the fault occurred in customer load(AC)

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๊ทธ๋ฆผ. 8. ์ˆ˜์šฉ๊ฐ€๋ถ€ํ•˜(AC)์ธก ์‚ฌ๊ณ ์ง€์ ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ณดํ˜ธํ˜‘์กฐ TCCํŠน์„ฑ๊ณก์„ 

Fig. 8. TCC curve of protection coordination for fault occurred in customer load(AC)

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3. PSCAD/EMTDC๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•œ 5kV๊ธ‰ MV-LVDC ๋…๋ฆฝํ˜• MG ๋ฐ ๋ณดํ˜ธํ˜‘์กฐ ๋ชจ๋ธ๋ง

3.1 ํƒœ์–‘๊ด‘์ „์›์šฉ DC/DC ์ปจ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ

ํƒœ์–‘๊ด‘์ „์›์šฉ DC/DC ์ปจ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 9์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ, ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 9 (a)๋Š” ์ตœ๋Œ€ ์ „๋ ฅ์  ์ถ”์ข…์ œ์–ด ํšŒ๋กœ๋กœ, ํƒœ์–‘๊ด‘๋ชจ๋“ˆ์˜ ์ถœ๋ ฅ ์ „์••๊ณผ ์ „๋ฅ˜๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•ด ์ตœ๋Œ€ ์ „๋ ฅ์ ์„ ์ถ”์ข…ํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 9 (b)๋Š” DC/DC ์ปจ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ์˜ ์ฃผํšŒ๋กœ๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ธ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 9 (c)๋Š” ์ •์ „๋ ฅ ์ œ์–ด๊ธฐ๋กœ, outer loop์™€ inner loop๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋˜๋Š”๋ฐ outer loop๋Š” ์ถ”์ข…๋œ ์ตœ๋Œ€ ์ „๋ ฅ์ ์„ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ํ˜„์žฌ์˜ ์ถœ๋ ฅ์ „๋ ฅ๊ณผ ์ด์ „ ์ถœ๋ ฅ์ „๋ ฅ์˜ ์˜ค์ฐจ๊ฐ’์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด PI์ œ์–ด๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, inner loop๋Š” outer loop์˜ PI ์ œ์–ด๊ธฐ ์ถœ๋ ฅ ๊ฐ’๊ณผ ์„ผ์‹ฑ๋œ ์ „๋ฅ˜์˜ ์˜ค์ฐจ ๊ฐ’์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด PI ์ œ์–ด๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ์ œ์–ด๊ธฐ ์ถœ๋ ฅ ๊ฐ’์€ ์‚ผ๊ฐํŒŒ์™€ ๋น„๊ต๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด IGBT์˜ ๋“€ํ‹ฐ๋น„๋ฅผ ์กฐ์ ˆํ•œ๋‹ค.

๊ทธ๋ฆผ. 9. ํƒœ์–‘๊ด‘์ „์›์šฉ DC/DC ์ปจ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ ๋ชจ๋ธ๋ง

Fig. 9. Modeling of DC/DC converter for PV system

../../Resources/kiee/KIEE.2022.71.1.045/fig9.png

3.2 ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ์šฉ ์–‘๋ฐฉํ–ฅ DC/DC ์ปจ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ

๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ์šฉ ์–‘๋ฐฉํ–ฅ DC/DC ์ปจ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 10๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, EMS์˜ ์ง€๋ น์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ํƒœ์–‘๊ด‘์ „์›์˜ ์ถœ๋ ฅ์ด ์ˆ˜์šฉ๊ฐ€ ๋ถ€ํ•˜๋ณด๋‹ค ํฌ๋ฉด ์ถฉ์ „๋ชจ๋“œ๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜๊ณ , ์ž‘์•„์ง€๋ฉด ๋ฐฉ์ „๋ชจ๋“œ๋กœ ์šด์šฉํ•œ๋‹ค. ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ, ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 10 (a)๋Š” ์ปจ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ์˜ ์ฃผํšŒ๋กœ๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๊ณ , ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 10 (b)๋Š” outer loop์™€ inner loop๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋œ ์ปจ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ์˜ ์ œ์–ด๊ธฐ์ด๋ฉฐ, 5kV MVDC ์„ ๋กœ์˜ ์ •์ „์•• ์ œ์–ด๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ, ๋ชฉํ‘œ์ „์••์ธ 5kV์™€ ์ถœ๋ ฅ ์ „์••์˜ ์˜ค์ฐจ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด PI ์ œ์–ด๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•œ๋‹ค.

๊ทธ๋ฆผ. 10. ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ์šฉ ์–‘๋ฐฉํ–ฅ DC/DC ์ปจ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ ๋ชจ๋ธ๋ง

Fig. 10. Modeling of bi-directional DC/DC converter for battery

../../Resources/kiee/KIEE.2022.71.1.045/fig10.png

3.3 ๋ถ€ํ•˜๊ณต๊ธ‰์šฉ DC/DC ์ปจ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ

์ˆ˜์šฉ๊ฐ€ ์ธก์˜ ์ „์••์„ ์ œ์–ดํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋ถ€ํ•˜๊ณต๊ธ‰์šฉ DC/DC ์ปจ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 11๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ, ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 11 (a)๋Š” ์ปจ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ์˜ ์ฃผํšŒ๋กœ๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๋ฉฐ, ์Šค์œ„์นญ ์‹œ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ์ „๋ฅ˜ ๋ฆฌํ”Œ์„ ์ค„์ด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด L-C ํ•„ํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์„ค์น˜ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 11 (b)๋Š” outer loop์™€ inner loop๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋œ ์ปจ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ์˜ ์ œ์–ด๊ธฐ์ด๋ฉฐ, 0.75kV์˜ ์ง€๋ น์น˜์™€ ์„ผ์‹ฑ๋œ ์ „์••์˜ ์˜ค์ฐจ๊ฐ’์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด PI ์ œ์–ด๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•œ๋‹ค.

๊ทธ๋ฆผ. 11. ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ์šฉ ์–‘๋ฐฉํ–ฅ DC/DC ์ปจ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ ๋ชจ๋ธ๋ง

Fig. 11. Modeling of DC/DC converter for customer load

../../Resources/kiee/KIEE.2022.71.1.045/fig11.png

3.4 ์ˆ˜์šฉ๊ฐ€์šฉ DC/AC ์ธ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ

์ €์••์ธก์˜ EV ์ถฉ์ „๊ธฐ ๋ฐ ์ˆ˜์šฉ๊ฐ€ ๋ถ€ํ•˜์šฉ DC/AC ์ธ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 12์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ์ฃผํšŒ๋กœ์™€ ์ œ์–ด๊ธฐ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋œ๋‹ค. ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ, ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 12 (a)๋Š” ์ธ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ์˜ ์ฃผํšŒ๋กœ๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๋ฉฐ, ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ 6๊ฐœ์˜ ์Šค์œ„์น˜์™€ L-Cํ•„ํ„ฐ, ๋“ฑ์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋œ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 12 (b)๋Š” ์ธ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ ์ œ์–ด๊ธฐ๋กœ์„œ, A๋ถ€๋ถ„์€ ๋ชฉํ‘œ์ „์••๊ณผ ํ˜„์žฌ ์ถœ๋ ฅ์ „์••์„ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜์—ฌ ์˜ค์ฐจ ๊ฐ’์„ ์‚ฐ์ •ํ•˜๊ณ , B๋ถ€๋ถ„์€ ์˜ค์ฐจ ๊ฐ’์— ๋Œ€ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ฐ๊ฐ PI์ œ์–ด๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜๋ฉฐ, C๋ถ€๋ถ„์€ ๋ชฉํ‘œ๋กœ ํ•˜๋Š” ์ „์••์˜ ํŒŒํ˜•, ์ฃผํŒŒ์ˆ˜ ๋ฐ ์œ„์ƒ์„ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ์—ญํ• ์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, D๋ถ€๋ถ„์€ ์‚ผ๊ฐํŒŒ์˜ ๋ฐ˜์†กํŒŒ๋ฅผ ์ถœ๋ ฅํ•˜๊ณ , E๋ถ€๋ถ„์€ ๊ธฐ์ค€ํŒŒ์™€ ๋ฐ˜์†กํŒŒ๋ฅผ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜์—ฌ PWM์‹ ํ˜ธ๋กœ ๋ณ€ํ™˜ํ•˜๋Š” ์—ญํ• ์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•œ๋‹ค.

๊ทธ๋ฆผ. 12. DC/AC ์ธ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ ๋ชจ๋ธ๋ง

Fig. 12. Modeling of DC/AC inverter

../../Resources/kiee/KIEE.2022.71.1.045/fig12.png

๊ทธ๋ฆผ. 13. ๋ณดํ˜ธ๊ธฐ๊ธฐ ๋ชจ๋ธ๋ง

Fig. 13. Modeling of protection devices

../../Resources/kiee/KIEE.2022.71.1.045/fig13.png

3.5 ๋ณดํ˜ธ๊ธฐ๊ธฐ

์ƒ๊ธฐ์˜ ์‹ค์ฆ ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ์—์„œ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” MG์šฉ ๋ณดํ˜ธ๊ธฐ๊ธฐ(MCCB, ACB, fuse, CTR)๋ฅผ ๋ชจ๋ธ๋งํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 13๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค. ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ, ๊ฐ ๋ณดํ˜ธ๊ธฐ๊ธฐ๋Š” ์ œ์กฐ์‚ฌ์—์„œ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๋Š” ์ •์ •์น˜๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ IEEE std C37.112-2018์˜ ๋ฐ˜ํ•œ์‹œ ํŠน์„ฑ๊ณก์„ ์ธ ์‹(1)์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ชจ๋ธ๋ง์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•œ๋‹ค(13). ๋จผ์ €, ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 13 (a)๋Š” MCCB ๋ฐ ACB๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๋ฉฐ, ๋ณดํ˜ธ๊ธฐ๊ธฐ ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ์ ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์žฅํ•œ์‹œ ํŠน์„ฑ์˜ A๋ถ€๋ถ„๊ณผ ๋‹จํ•œ์‹œ ๋ฐ ์ˆœ์‹œํŠน์„ฑ์˜ B๋ถ€๋ถ„์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜๋ˆ ์„œ ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 13 (b)๋Š” fuse๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๋ฉฐ, ๋ฐ˜ํ•œ์‹œ ํŠน์„ฑ๊ณก์„ ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ TCC ํŠน์„ฑ๊ณก์„ ๊ณผ ์œ ์‚ฌํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ชจ๋ธ๋ง์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•œ๋‹ค. ํ•œํŽธ, ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 13 (c)๋Š” CTR์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๋ฉฐ ์ผ์ •์‹œ๊ฐ„๋™์•ˆ ๊ธฐ์ค€๊ฐ’ ์ด์ƒ์˜ ์‚ฌ๊ณ ์ „๋ฅ˜๊ฐ€ ์œ ์ž…๋  ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๋™์ž‘์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜๋„๋ก ๋ชจ๋ธ๋งํ•œ๋‹ค.

(1)
$t(I)=\left(\dfrac{A}{M(I)^{P}-1}+B\right)$

์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ, $M(I)$ : ํ”ฝ์—… ์ „๋ฅ˜์˜ ๋ฐฐ์ˆ˜๋กœ ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ์ „๋ฅ˜, $A,\:B,\:_{P}$: ์„ ํƒํ•œ ๊ณก์„ ์˜ ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ƒ์ˆ˜

3.6 ์ „์ฒด ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ

PSCAD/EMTDC๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ section A, section B, section C๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋œ 5kV๊ธ‰ MV-LVDC ๋…๋ฆฝํ˜• ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๋“œ์˜ ์ „์ฒด ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๋ฉด ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 14์™€ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค. ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ, section A๋Š” ํƒœ์–‘๊ด‘๋ชจ๋“ˆ, ํƒœ์–‘๊ด‘์ „์›์šฉ DC/DC ์ปจ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ, CTR, MCCB, ๋“ฑ์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋˜๋ฉฐ, section C๋Š” ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ, ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ์šฉ ์–‘๋ฐฉํ–ฅ DC/DC ์ปจ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ, ๋ถ€ํ•˜๊ณต๊ธ‰์šฉ DC/DC ์ปจ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ, ์ˆ˜์šฉ๊ฐ€์šฉ DC/AC ์ธ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ, ํƒœ์–‘๊ด‘๋ชจ๋“ˆ, ํƒœ์–‘๊ด‘์ „์›์šฉ DC/DC ์ปจ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ, ์ˆ˜์šฉ๊ฐ€ ๋ถ€ํ•˜, ACB, MCCB ๋“ฑ์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋œ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, section B๋Š” 2.4km ๊ธ์žฅ์˜ MVDC ์„ ๋กœ์™€ fuse๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋˜๋ฉฐ, section A์™€ section C๋ฅผ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐํ•œ๋‹ค.

๊ทธ๋ฆผ. 14. ์ „์ฒด์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ๋ชจ๋ธ๋ง

Fig. 14. Modeling of entire system

../../Resources/kiee/KIEE.2022.71.1.045/fig14.png

4. ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๋ฐ ๋ถ„์„

4.1 ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜ ์กฐ๊ฑด

์ƒ๊ธฐ์˜ ๋ชจ๋ธ๋ง์„ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ MVDC ๋…๋ฆฝํ˜• ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๋“œ์˜ ์‚ฌ๊ณ ํ•ด์„์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜ ์กฐ๊ฑด์€ ํ‘œ 1๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค. ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ, ํƒœ์–‘๊ด‘์ „์›์˜ ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰์€ 100, 150 ๋ฐ 500kW์ด๋ฉฐ, ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰์€ 500/1.5kW/MWh์ด๊ณ , ๋‚ด๋ถ€ ์ธ๋•ํ„ด์Šค๋Š” 0.634mH, ๋‚ด๋ถ€ ์ €ํ•ญ์€ 7.75mโ„ฆ์ด๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, ์ˆ˜์šฉ๊ฐ€ ๋ถ€ํ•˜๋Š” 150kW์˜ ์ „๊ธฐ์ž๋™์ฐจ ์ถฉ์ „๊ธฐ์™€ 250kW์˜ ๊ณต์žฅ๋ถ€ํ•˜๋กœ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ ธ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ „์••์€ AC 380V์ด๋‹ค. ํ•œํŽธ, ํƒœ์–‘๊ด‘์ „์›์šฉ DC/DC ์ปจ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ์˜ ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰์€ 100, 150, 500kW์ด๋ฉฐ, ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ์šฉ ์–‘๋ฐฉํ–ฅ DC/DC ์ปจ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ์˜ ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰์€ 500kW์ด๊ณ  ๋ถ€ํ•˜๊ณต๊ธ‰์šฉ DC/DC ์ปจ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ์˜ ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰์€ 500kW์ด๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ , ์ˆ˜์šฉ๊ฐ€์šฉ DC/AC ์ธ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ์˜ ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰์€ 250kW์ด๋ฉฐ ์ „์••์€ 0.75/0.38kV์ด๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, section B์˜ MVDC ์ง€์ค‘์„ ๋กœ์˜ ์„ ์ข…์€ TFR-CV/95mm2์ด๋ฉฐ ๊ธ์žฅ์€ 2.4km์ด๊ณ , ์„ ๋กœ ์ €ํ•ญ๊ณผ ์ปคํŒจ์‹œํ„ด์Šค ๋ฐ ์ธ๋•ํ„ด์Šค๋Š” ๊ฐ๊ฐ 0.46โ„ฆ, 0.533uF, 0.533mH๋ฅผ ์‚ฐ์ •๋œ๋‹ค. ํ•œํŽธ, section A์™€ section C์˜ ์ˆ˜์ „๋‹จ๊ณผ MVDC ์ง€์ค‘์„ ๋กœ์™€ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋˜๋Š” MVDC ์„ ์ข…์€ CU/XLPE 95mm2์ด๋ฉฐ, ๊ธ์žฅ์€ ๊ฐ๊ฐ 1.4, 0.8km์ด๊ณ  ์„ ๋กœ ์ €ํ•ญ์€ ๊ฐ๊ฐ 270.2, 154.4mโ„ฆ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฐ์ •๋œ๋‹ค. ํ•œํŽธ, section A์ธก LVDC ์„ ์ข…์€ CU/TFR-CV 70mm2์ด๋ฉฐ ๊ธ์žฅ์€ 0.2km์ด๊ณ  ์„ ๋กœ์ €ํ•ญ์€ 53.6mโ„ฆ์ด๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, ESS์ธก LVDC ์„ ์ข…๋Š” CU/TFR-CV 300mm2์ด๋ฉฐ ๊ธ์žฅ์€ 0.2km์ด๊ณ  ๋ถ€ํ•˜์ธก LVDC ์„ ์ข…์€ CU/TFR-CV 120mm2์ด๊ณ  ๊ธ์žฅ์€ 0.01km์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ๊ฐ์˜ ์„ ๋กœ ์ €ํ•ญ์€ 0.601, 1.53mโ„ฆ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฐ์ •๋œ๋‹ค. ํ•œํŽธ, 5kV MVDC ์„ ๋กœ ๋ณดํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ MVDC fuse์™€ CTR์€ ๊ฐ๊ฐ 230~350A, 400~800A์˜ ์ •๊ฒฉ์ „๋ฅ˜์™€ 30kA, 2.5~8kA์˜ ์ •๊ฒฉ์ฐจ๋‹จ์ „๋ฅ˜ ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋ฉฐ, 750V LVDC ์„ ๋กœ ๋ณดํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ MCCB, ACB, ESS fuse์˜ ์ •๊ฒฉ์ „๋ฅ˜๋Š” ๊ฐ๊ฐ 800~1,600A, 800~2,500A, 880~1,300A๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋ฉฐ, ์ •๊ฒฉ์ฐจ๋‹จ์ „๋ฅ˜๋Š” ๊ฐ๊ฐ 10kA, 40kA, 50kA์˜ ์ฐจ๋‹จ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„๋‹ค.

ํ‘œ 1. ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜ ์กฐ๊ฑด

Table 1. Simulation conditions

item

specification

PV

capacity[kW]

100, 150, 500

voltage[kV]

0.75

battery

capacity[kW/Mwh]

500/1.5

voltage[kV]

0.75

internal inductance[uH]

0.634

Internal resistance[mโ„ฆ]

7.75

customer load

EV charger load[kWh]

150

factory load[kW]

250

AC load voltage[kV]

0.38

DC/DC converter

capacity[kW]

100, 150, 500

voltage[kV]

0.75/5

DC/AC inverter

capacity[kW]

250

voltage[kV]

0.75/0.38

MVDC fuse

rated current[A]

230~350

rated cut-off capacity[kA]

30

CTR

rated current[A]

400~800

rated cut-off capacity[kA]

2.5~8

MCCB

rated current[A]

800~1600

rated cut-off capacity[kA]

10

ACB

rated current[A]

800~2500

rated cut-off capacity[kA]

40

ESS fuse

rated current[A]

880~1300

rated cut-off capacity[kA]

50

๋˜ํ•œ, ์ƒ์ • ์‚ฌ๊ณ ์กฐ๊ฑด์€ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 15์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ, F1์€ section A์˜ ๊ณ ์•• ์ธก ์„ ๋กœ ์‚ฌ๊ณ ์ด๊ณ , F2์™€ F3๋Š” MVDC ์ง€์ค‘์„ ๋กœ์˜ ์‚ฌ๊ณ ๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ธ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, F4๋Š” Section C์˜ ESS ๊ณ ์•• ์ธก ์„ ๋กœ ์‚ฌ๊ณ ์ด๊ณ , F5๋Š” ESS DC์ธก์˜ CTR(contactor)๊ณผ DC/DC ์ปจ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ์‚ฌ๊ณ ์ด๋ฉฐ, F6์€ DC/DC ์ปจ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ์™€ ESS ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ์‚ฌ๊ณ ๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ธ๋‹ค. ํ•œํŽธ, F7์€ Section C์˜ ESS์™€ ์ˆ˜์šฉ๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ MVDC ์„ ๋กœ ์‚ฌ๊ณ ์ด๊ณ , F8์€ CTR๊ณผ LVDC์šฉ DC/DC ์ปจ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ์‚ฌ๊ณ ์ด๋ฉฐ, F9๋Š” section C์˜ ํƒœ์–‘๊ด‘์ „์›์˜ LVDC์ธก ์‚ฌ๊ณ ๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ธ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, F10, F12๋Š” DC MCCB์™€ DC/AC ์ธ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ์‚ฌ๊ณ ์ด๊ณ , F11๊ณผ F13์€ DC/AC ์ธ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ์™€ ๋ถ€ํ•˜ ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ์‚ฌ๊ณ ๋ฅผ ์ƒ์ •ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค.

๊ทธ๋ฆผ. 15. ์ƒ์ • ์‚ฌ๊ณ ์กฐ๊ฑด(13 cases)

Fig. 15. Contengency fault conditions(13 cases)

../../Resources/kiee/KIEE.2022.71.1.045/fig15.png

4.2 MVDC์ธก ์‚ฌ๊ณ ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ณดํ˜ธํ˜‘์กฐ ์šด์šฉํŠน์„ฑ

4.1์˜ ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜ ์กฐ๊ฑด์„ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ section A์— ์ธ์ ‘ํ•œ MVDC ์„ ๋กœ์ง€์ (F2)์—์„œ ๋‹จ๋ฝ์‚ฌ๊ณ ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•˜์—ฌ, ์‚ฌ๊ณ ์ „๋ฅ˜ ๋ฐ ๋ณดํ˜ธ๊ธฐ๊ธฐ์˜ ๋™์ž‘ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๋ฉด ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 16๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค. ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ, ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 16 (a)๋Š” ์‚ฌ๊ณ ์ง€์ (F2)์œผ๋กœ ํ๋ฅด๋Š” ์ „์ฒด ์‚ฌ๊ณ ์ „๋ฅ˜์˜ ํฌ๊ธฐ ๋ฐ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๋ฉฐ, ์‚ฌ๊ณ ์ „๋ฅ˜ โ‘ ์€ PV1, PV2, PV3์˜ DC/DC ์ปจ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ ์ •๊ฒฉ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰(500KW/500kW/150kW)์˜ 1.25๋ฐฐ์ธ 0.83kA, 0.83kA, 0.25kA์˜ ์‚ฌ๊ณ ์ „๋ฅ˜๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ๊ฐ ์‚ฌ๊ณ ์ง€์ (F2)์œผ๋กœ ๊ณต๊ธ‰๋จ์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, ์‚ฌ๊ณ ์ „๋ฅ˜ โ‘ก์™€ ์‚ฌ๊ณ ์ „๋ฅ˜ โ‘ข์€ ESS์ธก์—์„œ ๊ณต๊ธ‰ํ•˜๋Š” 0.83kA, ๋ถ€ํ•˜๊ณต๊ธ‰์šฉ DC/DC ์ปจ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ ์ธก์—์„œ ๊ณต๊ธ‰ํ•˜๋Š” 0.05kA๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ๊ฐ ์‚ฌ๊ณ ์ง€์ (F2)์œผ๋กœ ์œ ์ž…๋จ์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ•œํŽธ, ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 16 (b)๋Š” ์‚ฌ๊ณ ์ง€์ (F2)์œผ๋กœ ํ๋ฅด๋Š” ์ „์ฒด ์‚ฌ๊ณ ์ „๋ฅ˜์˜ ํŒŒํ˜•์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๋ฉฐ, ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ๊ณผ๋„์ƒํƒœ ์‹œ DC/DC ์ปจ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ ๋‚ด๋ถ€์˜ ํ•„ํ„ฐ์šฉ C์„ฑ๋ถ„์— ์˜ํ•ด ๋ฐฉ์ „๋˜๋Š” ์ „๋ฅ˜๋ฅผ ํฌํ•จํ•˜์—ฌ ์ตœ๋Œ€ 3.86kA์˜ ์‚ฌ๊ณ ์ „๋ฅ˜๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•จ์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 16 (c)๋Š” ๋ณดํ˜ธ๊ธฐ๊ธฐ ๋™์ž‘์— ์˜ํ•œ ์‚ฌ๊ณ ์ „๋ฅ˜ ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๋Š”๋ฐ, ์‚ฌ๊ณ  ๋ฐœ์ƒ ํ›„ section A์— ์ธ์ ‘ํ•œ fuse 1์€ ์•ฝ 1.2[ms]์— ๋™์ž‘ํ•˜๊ณ , section C์— ์ธ์ ‘ํ•œ fuse 2๋Š” 2.3[ms]์— ๋™์ž‘ํ•˜์—ฌ ์‚ฌ๊ณ ๊ตฌ๊ฐ„์ด ๋ถ„๋ฆฌ๋จ์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ, MVDC ์„ ๋กœ ์–‘๋‹จ์— ์„ค์น˜๋œ fuse๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋จผ์ € ๋™์ž‘ํ•˜์—ฌ MVDC ์„ ๋กœ๋ฅผ ๋ณดํ˜ธํ•˜๊ณ  ์‚ฌ๊ณ ๊ตฌ๊ฐ„์„ ๋ถ„๋ฆฌํ•˜์—ฌ, ์ˆ˜์šฉ๊ฐ€์˜ ์ •์ „์„ ๋ฐฉ์ง€ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Œ์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.

๊ทธ๋ฆผ. 16. F2์—์„œ ์‚ฌ๊ณ  ๋ฐœ์ƒ์‹œ ์‚ฌ๊ณ ์ „๋ฅ˜ ๋ฐ ๋ณดํ˜ธ๊ธฐ๊ธฐ์˜ ๋™์ž‘ํŠน์„ฑ

Fig. 16. Characteristics of fault current and protection devices for the fault occurred in F2

../../Resources/kiee/KIEE.2022.71.1.045/fig16.png

4.3 LVDC์ธก ์‚ฌ๊ณ ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ณดํ˜ธํ˜‘์กฐ ์šด์šฉํŠน์„ฑ

section C์˜ ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ์ธก์˜ LVDC ์„ ๋กœ์ง€์ (F6)์—์„œ ๋‹จ๋ฝ์‚ฌ๊ณ ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•˜์—ฌ, ์‚ฌ๊ณ ์ „๋ฅ˜ ๋ฐ ๋ณดํ˜ธ๊ธฐ๊ธฐ์˜ ๋™์ž‘ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๋ฉด ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 17๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค. ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ, ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 17 (a)๋Š” ์‚ฌ๊ณ ์ง€์ (F6)์œผ๋กœ ํ๋ฅด๋Š” ์ „์ฒด ์‚ฌ๊ณ ์ „๋ฅ˜์˜ ํฌ๊ธฐ ๋ฐ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๋ฉฐ, ์‚ฌ๊ณ ์ „๋ฅ˜ โ‘ ์€ section A์˜ ํƒœ์–‘๊ด‘์ „์›์—์„œ ๊ณต๊ธ‰ํ•˜๋Š” 0.34kA,์‚ฌ๊ณ ์ „๋ฅ˜ โ‘ข์€ section C์˜ ํƒœ์–‘๊ด‘์ „์›์—์„œ ๊ณต๊ธ‰ํ•˜๋Š” 0.17kA๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ๊ฐ ์‚ฌ๊ณ ์ง€์ (F6)์œผ๋กœ ์œ ์ž…๋จ์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, ์‚ฌ๊ณ ์ „๋ฅ˜ โ‘ก๋Š” ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์™ธ๋ถ€๋‹จ๋ฝ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•˜์—ฌ 28.9kA์˜ ๋†’์€ ์‚ฌ๊ณ ์ „๋ฅ˜๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ๊ณ ์ง€์ (F6)์œผ๋กœ ๊ณต๊ธ‰๋จ์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ•œํŽธ, ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 17 (b)๋Š” ์‚ฌ๊ณ ์ง€์ (F6)์œผ๋กœ ํ๋ฅด๋Š” ์ „์ฒด ์‚ฌ๊ณ ์ „๋ฅ˜์˜ ํŒŒํ˜•์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๋ฉฐ, ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ์ธก ์™ธ๋ถ€๋‹จ๋ฝ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ์ „๋ฅ˜๋ฅผ ํฌํ•จํ•˜์—ฌ ์ตœ๋Œ€ 35.3kA์˜ ์‚ฌ๊ณ ์ „๋ฅ˜๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•จ์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 17 (c)๋Š” ๋ณดํ˜ธ๊ธฐ๊ธฐ ๋™์ž‘์— ์˜ํ•œ ์‚ฌ๊ณ ์ „๋ฅ˜ ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๋Š”๋ฐ, ESS fuse๋Š” ์‚ฌ๊ณ  ๋ฐœ์ƒ ํ›„ ์•ฝ 1.4[ms]์— ๋™์ž‘ํ•˜๊ณ , ์ปจ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ ๋‚ด๋ถ€์˜ DC ACB๋Š” 50[ms]์— ๋™์ž‘ํ•จ์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ, ESS fuse๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋จผ์ € ๋™์ž‘ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋ณดํ˜ธํ•˜๊ณ  ์‚ฌ๊ณ ๊ตฌ๊ฐ„์„ ๋ถ„๋ฆฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Œ์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.

๊ทธ๋ฆผ. 17. F6์—์„œ ์‚ฌ๊ณ  ๋ฐœ์ƒ์‹œ ์‚ฌ๊ณ ์ „๋ฅ˜ ๋ฐ ๋ณดํ˜ธ๊ธฐ๊ธฐ์˜ ๋™์ž‘ํŠน์„ฑ

Fig. 17. Characteristics of fault current and protection devices for the fault occurred in F6

../../Resources/kiee/KIEE.2022.71.1.045/fig17.png

4.4 ์ˆ˜์šฉ๊ฐ€ ๋ถ€ํ•˜(AC)์ธก ์‚ฌ๊ณ ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ณดํ˜ธํ˜‘์กฐ ์šด์šฉํŠน์„ฑ

์ˆ˜์šฉ๊ฐ€ ๋ถ€ํ•˜์ธก AC ์„ ๋กœ์ง€์ (F11)์—์„œ ๋‹จ๋ฝ์‚ฌ๊ณ ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•˜์—ฌ, ์‚ฌ๊ณ ์ „๋ฅ˜ ๋ฐ ๋ณดํ˜ธ๊ธฐ๊ธฐ์˜ ๋™์ž‘ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๋ฉด ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 18๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค. ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ, ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 18 (a)๋Š” ์‚ฌ๊ณ ์ง€์ (F11)์œผ๋กœ ํ๋ฅด๋Š” ์ „์ฒด ์‚ฌ๊ณ ์ „๋ฅ˜์˜ ํฌ๊ธฐ ๋ฐ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๋ฉฐ, ์‚ฌ๊ณ ์ „๋ฅ˜ โ‘ ์€ section A์˜ ํƒœ์–‘๊ด‘์ „์›์—์„œ ๊ณต๊ธ‰ํ•˜๋Š” 1A, ์‚ฌ๊ณ ์ „๋ฅ˜ โ‘ก๋Š” section C์˜ ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ์—์„œ ๊ณต๊ธ‰ํ•˜๋Š” 126A๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ๊ฐ ์‚ฌ๊ณ ์ง€์ ์œผ๋กœ ์œ ์ž…๋จ์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, ์‚ฌ๊ณ ์ „๋ฅ˜ โ‘ข์€ section C์˜ ํƒœ์–‘๊ด‘์ „์›์—์„œ ๊ณต๊ธ‰ํ•˜๋Š” 0.17kA์˜ ์‚ฌ๊ณ ์ „๋ฅ˜๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ๊ณ ์ง€์ (F11)์œผ๋กœ ์œ ์ž…๋จ์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ•œํŽธ, ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 18 (b)๋Š” ์‚ฌ๊ณ ์ง€์ (F11)์œผ๋กœ ํ๋ฅด๋Š” ์ „์ฒด ์‚ฌ๊ณ ์ „๋ฅ˜์˜ ํŒŒํ˜•์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๋ฉฐ, ์ตœ๋Œ€ 1.9kA์˜ ์‚ฌ๊ณ ์ „๋ฅ˜๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•จ์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 18 (c)๋Š” ๋ณดํ˜ธ๊ธฐ๊ธฐ ๋™์ž‘์— ์˜ํ•œ ์‚ฌ๊ณ ์ „๋ฅ˜์˜ ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๋Š”๋ฐ, ์‚ฌ๊ณ ์ง€์ (F11)์— ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šด AC MCCB๋Š” ์‚ฌ๊ณ  ๋ฐœ์ƒ ํ›„ ์•ฝ 18[ms]์— ๋™์ž‘ํ•˜์—ฌ ์‚ฌ๊ณ ๊ตฌ๊ฐ„์„ ๋ถ„๋ฆฌํ•˜์—ฌ, ์ˆ˜์šฉ๊ฐ€ ์„ค๋น„๋ฅผ ๋ณดํ˜ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Œ์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.

๊ทธ๋ฆผ. 18. F11์—์„œ ์‚ฌ๊ณ  ๋ฐœ์ƒ์‹œ ์‚ฌ๊ณ ์ „๋ฅ˜ ๋ฐ ๋ณดํ˜ธ๊ธฐ๊ธฐ์˜ ๋™์ž‘ํŠน์„ฑ

Fig. 18. Characteristics of fault current and protection devices for the fault occurred in F11

../../Resources/kiee/KIEE.2022.71.1.045/fig18.png

5. ๊ฒฐ ๋ก 

๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์—์„œ๋Š” ์†Œ๊ทœ๋ชจ DC ๋ฐฐ์ „๋ง์˜ ์‹ค์ฆ ์‚ฌ์—…์œผ๋กœ ์ถ”์ง„ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” 5kV๊ธ‰ MV-LVDC ๋…๋ฆฝํ˜• ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๋“œ์˜ ์•ˆ์ •์ ์ธ ์šด์šฉ์„ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ, ๋…๋ฆฝํ˜• MG์˜ ๋ณดํ˜ธํ˜‘์กฐ ์šด์šฉ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ์„ ์ œ์•ˆํ•˜๊ณ  PSCAD/EMTDC๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•ด ํƒœ์–‘๊ด‘์ „์›, ESS, ์ปจ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ, ์ธ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ, ๋ณดํ˜ธ๊ธฐ๊ธฐ ๋“ฑ์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋œ ๋…๋ฆฝํ˜• MV-LVDC ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๋“œ์˜ ๋ชจ๋ธ๋ง์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜์—ฌ, ์‚ฌ๊ณ ์ง€์ ๋ณ„ ๋ณดํ˜ธํ˜‘์กฐ ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ฃผ์š” ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์š”์•ฝํ•˜๋ฉด ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค.

(1) MVDC ์„ ๋กœ์ง€์ (F2)์—์„œ ๋‹จ๋ฝ์‚ฌ๊ณ ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, section A์— ์ธ์ ‘ํ•œ fuse 1์€ ์‚ฌ๊ณ  ๋ฐœ์ƒ ํ›„ ์•ฝ 1.2[ms]์— ๋™์ž‘ํ•˜๊ณ , section C์— ์ธ์ ‘ํ•œ fuse 2๋Š” 2.3[ms]์— ๋™์ž‘ํ•˜์—ฌ, MVDC ์„ ๋กœ๋ฅผ ๋ณดํ˜ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Œ์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.

(2) ESS์ธก LVDC ์„ ๋กœ์ง€์ (F6)์—์„œ ๋‹จ๋ฝ์‚ฌ๊ณ ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, ESS fuse๋Š” ์‚ฌ๊ณ  ๋ฐœ์ƒ ํ›„ ์•ฝ 1.4[ms]์— ๋™์ž‘ํ•˜๊ณ , ์ปจ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ ๋‚ด๋ถ€์˜ DC ACB๋Š” 50[ms]์— ๋™์ž‘ํ•ด ์‚ฌ๊ณ ๊ตฌ๊ฐ„์„ ๋ถ„๋ฆฌํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋ณดํ˜ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Œ์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.

(3) ์ˆ˜์šฉ๊ฐ€ ๋ถ€ํ•˜(AC)์ธก์˜ ์„ ๋กœ์ง€์ (F11)์—์„œ ๋‹จ๋ฝ์‚ฌ๊ณ ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, ์‚ฌ๊ณ ์ง€์ (F11)์— ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šด AC MCCB๋Š” ์‚ฌ๊ณ  ๋ฐœ์ƒ ํ›„ ์•ฝ 18[ms]์— ๋™์ž‘ํ•˜๊ณ  ์‚ฌ๊ณ ๊ตฌ๊ฐ„์„ ๋ถ„๋ฆฌํ•˜์—ฌ ์ˆ˜์šฉ๊ฐ€ ์„ค๋น„๋ฅผ ๋ณดํ˜ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Œ์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.

(4) ์‚ฌ๊ณ  ๋ฐœ์ƒ ์ง€์ ๋ณ„ ์‹œ๋‚˜๋ฆฌ์˜ค๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ๋ณดํ˜ธ๊ธฐ๊ธฐ์˜ ๋™์ž‘ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, MVDC/LVDC ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๋“œ ๊ณ„ํ†ต์— ์ ์ ˆํ•œ ๋ณดํ˜ธ๊ธฐ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์„ ์ •๋˜์–ด, ๋ชจ๋“  ์‚ฌ๊ณ ์ง€์ ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋ณดํ˜ธํ˜‘์กฐ๊ฐ€ ์ •์ƒ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.

Acknowledgements

This work was supported by the Power Generation & Electricity Delivery Core Technology Program of the Korea Institute of Energy Technology Evaluation and Planning (KETEP) granted financial resource from the Ministry of Trade, Industry & Energy, Republic of Korea (No. 20214910100010).

This paper was supported by Korea Institute for Advancement of Technology(KIAT) grant funded by the Korea Government(MOTIE) (P0008458, The Competency Development Program for Industry Specialist).

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์ €์ž์†Œ๊ฐœ

๊น€์ง€๋ช…(Ji-Myong Kim)
../../Resources/kiee/KIEE.2022.71.1.045/au1.png

He received his B.S. degree in Electrical Engineering from Korea University of Tech- nology and Education in 2020, respectively.

He is currently pursuing the M.S. degree at Korea University of Technology and Education.

He is interested in distribution system, power quality, coordination of protection devices, renewable energy resources and micro-grid.

์ดํ›„๋™ (Hu-Dong Lee)
../../Resources/kiee/KIEE.2022.71.1.045/au2.png

He received his B.S. and M.S. degrees in Electrical Engineering from Korea University of Technology and Education in 2016 and 2018, respectively.

He is currently pursuing the Ph.D. degree at Korea University of Tech- nology and Education.

He is interested in distribution system, power quality, coordination of protection devices, renewable energy re- sources and micro-grid.

ํ•œ๋ณ‘๊ธธ(Byeong-Gill Han)
../../Resources/kiee/KIEE.2022.71.1.045/au3.png

He received his B.S. in Control and Instru- mentation Engineering from Hanbat National University in 2016.

He received his M.S. in Seoul National University of Science and Tech- nology in 2018.

He is currently pursuing the Ph.D. degree at Korea University of Technology and Education.

He is interested in MVDC, AC/DC converter, coordination of protection devices, renewable energy resources and micro-grid.

๋…ธ๋Œ€์„ (Dae-Seok Rho)
../../Resources/kiee/KIEE.2022.71.1.045/au4.png

He received the B.S. degree and M.S. degree in Electrical Engineering from Korea University in 1985 and 1987, respectively.

He earned a Ph.D. degree in Electrical Engineering from Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan in 1997.

He has been working as a professor at Korea University of Technology and Education since 1999.

His research interests include operation of power distribution systems, dispersed storage and generation systems and power quality.