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  1. (Dept. of Electrical Engineering, Hanyang Univerity, Korea.)
  2. (Dept. of Electrical Engineering, Hanyang Univerity, Korea.)



Inductively coupled plasmas, Plasma characteristics, EM field distribution, COMSOL simulation

1. ์„œ ๋ก 

์œ ๋„ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ ํ”Œ๋ผ์ฆˆ๋งˆ(Inductively Coupled Plasma, ICP)๋Š” ๋‚ฎ์€ ๊ฐ€์Šค ์••๋ ฅ์—์„œ๋„ ๋†’์€ ํ”Œ๋ผ์ฆˆ๋งˆ ๋ฐ€๋„๋ฅผ ์–ป์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ RF ๋ฐ”์ด์–ด์Šค(bias) ์ „์••์„ ์ถ”๊ฐ€ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ด์˜จ ํฌ๊ฒฉ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€(ion bombardment energy)๋ฅผ ๋…๋ฆฝ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ œ์–ดํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์žฅ์ (1-3)์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐ˜๋„์ฒด ์ œ์กฐ ๊ณต์ • ์ค‘, ํŠนํžˆ ๊ฑด์‹ ์‹๊ฐ ๊ณต์ •์—์„œ ๋งŽ์ด ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ตœ๊ทผ ๋ฐ˜๋„์ฒด ์ œ์กฐ ๊ณต์ •์€ ์‹œ์žฅ์—์„œ ์š”๊ตฌ๋˜๋Š” ์„ฑ๋Šฅ์ด ํ–ฅ์ƒ๋˜์–ด๊ฐ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์นฉ์˜ ํฌ๊ธฐ๋Š” ๋”์šฑ ์†Œํ˜•ํ™”๋˜๊ณ  ๊ณ ์ง‘์ ํ™” ๋˜์–ด ์ ์ฐจ ๋ณต์žกํ•ด์ง€๊ณ  ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•ด์ง€๋Š” ๋“ฑ, ๋”์šฑ ๋‚œ์ด๋„๊ฐ€ ์ƒ์Šนํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค(1,4,5). ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ํ˜„์žฌ์˜ ์ถ”์„ธ์—์„œ ๊ณต์ •์˜ ์ˆ˜์œจ์„ ๋†’์ด๊ณ  ์†Œ๋ชจ๋˜๋Š” ์ž์›์„ ์ตœ์†Œํ™”ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ ๊ณ ๋ฐ€๋„ ๋ฐ ๊ณ ํšจ์œจ ํ”Œ๋ผ์ฆˆ๋งˆ ๋ฐœ์ƒ์ด ์š”๊ตฌ๋˜๊ณ , ๋†’์€ ๋ฐ”์ด์–ด์Šค ์ „์••์˜ ์ธ๊ฐ€๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์˜ ํ•„์ˆ˜์ ์ด ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค(6-14).

์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ณ ๋ฐ€๋„ ํ”Œ๋ผ์ฆˆ๋งˆ๋ฅผ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ƒ๋ถ€์— ๊ณ ์ฃผํŒŒ์ˆ˜(์ˆ˜ MHz์—์„œ ์ˆ˜์‹ญ MHz)์˜ ์ „๋ ฅ์›์ด ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋œ ํ‰๋ฉดํ˜• ์•ˆํ…Œ๋‚˜(top planar antenna)์™€ ํ•˜๋ถ€์— ๋†’์€ ์ด์˜จ ํฌ๊ฒฉ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€๋ฅผ ์–ป๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋‚ฎ์€ ์ฃผํŒŒ์ˆ˜(์ˆ˜๋ฐฑ kHz)์˜ ์ „๋ ฅ์›์ด ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋œ ๋ฐ”์ด์–ด์Šค ๊ทนํŒ์ด ๊ฐ™์ด ์„ค์น˜๋˜๋Š” ์ฑ”๋ฒ„ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ์ฃผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค(15). ์•ˆํ…Œ๋‚˜์™€ ๊ทนํŒ์˜ ์ „๋ ฅ์ธ๊ฐ€ ๋น„์œจ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ, ์ „์ž์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ๋ถ„ํฌ ํ•จ์ˆ˜, ํ”Œ๋ผ์ฆˆ๋งˆ ๋ฐ€๋„, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ํ”Œ๋ผ์ฆˆ๋งˆ ์ „์ž ๋™์—ญํ•™์€ ๋ณ€๊ฒฝ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค (16). ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ํ”Œ๋ผ์ฆˆ๋งˆ ๋ฐฉ์ „ ํŠน์„ฑ์˜ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ๋ฐ˜๋„์ฒด ๊ณต์ •์—์„œ ์ตœ์  ๋ฐฉ์ „ ์กฐ๊ฑด ๋„์ถœ์— ๋„์›€์ด ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.

์ตœ๊ทผ, ๊ฒฝ์ œ์ ์ด๋ฉฐ ๋™์‹œ์— ๋น ๋ฅธ ํ”Œ๋ผ์ฆˆ๋งˆ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ํฐ ์ฑ”๋ฒ„ ์ง๊ฒฝ(๋Œ€๋ฉด์ )์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋ฉด์„œ๋„ ์ž‘์€ ์ฑ”๋ฒ„ ๊ธธ์ด๊ฐ€ ์š”๊ตฌ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋Œ€๋ฉด์  ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ œ์ž‘๋œ ์ฑ”๋ฒ„๋Š” ํ•„์—ฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์•ˆํ…Œ๋‚˜ ํฌ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์ฆ๊ฐ€๋˜๊ณ , ์ƒ๋ถ€ํŒ(์ฟผ์ธ , quartz)๊ณผ ์•ˆํ…Œ๋‚˜์˜ ์ฆ๊ฐ€๋œ ๋ฌด๊ฒŒ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๊ธˆ์†๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฌผ์ด ์ถ”๊ฐ€๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์•ˆํ…Œ๋‚˜์™€ ๊ธˆ์† ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฌผ๊ฐ„์˜ ์ „๊ธฐ์  ํŠน์„ฑ์ด ๋ณ€๊ฒฝ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ์ƒ๋ถ€ ์œ ๋„ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ ํ”Œ๋ผ์ฆˆ๋งˆ ๋ฐœ์ƒ์›์˜ ์ž„ํ”ผ๋˜์Šค๊ฐ€ ๋ณ€๊ฒฝ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ €ํ•ญ์˜ ์ฆ๊ฐ€๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ํ”Œ๋ผ์ฆˆ๋งˆ๋กœ์˜ ์ „๋ ฅ ์ „๋‹ฌ ํšจ์œจ์ด ๊ฐ์†Œ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค(17-19). ํ”Œ๋ผ์ฆˆ๋งˆ์˜ ํŠน์„ฑ์€ ์ธ๊ฐ€ํ•ด์ค€ ์ „๋ ฅ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ํ”Œ๋ผ์ฆˆ๋งˆ์— ํก์ˆ˜๋œ ์ „๋ ฅ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๊ฒฐ์ •๋˜๋ฏ€๋กœ, ์ฑ”๋ฒ„ ๋””์ž์ธ ๋ณ€๊ฒฝ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ์ „๋ ฅ ์ „๋‹ฌ ํšจ์œจ์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋Š” ๊ณ ํšจ์œจ ๋ฐ ๊ณ ์ˆ˜์œจ์„ ์š”๊ตฌํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฐ์—…์—์„œ ๋งค์šฐ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๋ฌธ์ œ์ด๋‹ค.

์ˆ˜์‹ญ ๋…„๊ฐ„ ICP์—์„œ ์ „๋ ฅ ์ „๋‹ฌ ํšจ์œจ์„ ์ธก์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋˜์–ด์™”๋‹ค(19-24). ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ „๋ ฅ ์ „๋‹ฌ ํšจ์œจ์˜ ์ธก์ •์€ ์ „์ฒด ๋ฐฉ์ „ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์—์„œ ํ๋ฅด๋Š” ์ „๋ฅ˜์™€ ์•ˆํ…Œ๋‚˜์˜ ์ „์•• ๋“ฑ์˜ ์ „๊ธฐ์  ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์œผ๋กœ ๊ณ„์‚ฐ๋œ๋‹ค. Hopwood ๋“ฑ์€ ICP์—์„œ ํ”Œ๋ผ์ฆˆ๋งˆ์— ์ „๋‹ฌ๋˜๋Š” ์ „๋ ฅ์„ ๊ณ„์‚ฐํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์ œ์•ˆํ–ˆ๋‹ค(21). Godyak ๋“ฑ์€ ๋ฐฉ์ „ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์—์„œ ์†์‹ค๋˜๋Š”, ์ฆ‰ ํ”Œ๋ผ์ฆˆ๋งˆ์— ์ „๋‹ฌ๋˜๋Š” ์ „๋ ฅ์„ ์ œ์™ธํ•œ ์†์‹ค ์ „๋ ฅ์„ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ์‹คํ—˜์ ์ธ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค(22,23). ๋˜ํ•œ ์ตœ๊ทผ์— Hwang ๋“ฑ์€ ๋ฐฉ์ „ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์˜ ์ €ํ•ญ์„ ๊ตฌํ•˜์—ฌ ์ธ๊ฐ€๋˜๋Š” ์ „๋ ฅ์—์„œ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์—์„œ ์†Œ๋ชจ๋˜๋Š” ์ „๋ ฅ์„ ์ œ๊ฑฐํ•˜์—ฌ ์ „๋ ฅ ์ „๋‹ฌ ํšจ์œจ์„ ์ธก์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์ œ์•ˆํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค(19). ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ „๊ธฐ์  ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์œผ๋กœ ์ธก์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‹์€ ์•ˆํ…Œ๋‚˜์— ํ๋ฅด๋Š” ์ „๋ฅ˜์— ์˜ํ•ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ์ „๊ธฐ์žฅ๊ณผ ์ž๊ธฐ์žฅ์— ์˜ํ•œ ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ ํ”Œ๋ผ์ฆˆ๋งˆ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ์ƒ๋˜๋Š” ๊ณต๊ฐ„ ์‚ฌ์ด์ฆˆ, ์ฆ‰ ์ฑ”๋ฒ„ ๋‚ด๊ฒฝ(inner radius)๊ณผ ๊ธธ์ด์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์ •์ „๊ธฐ ๋ฐ ์ž๊ธฐ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ(electrostatic and magnetic coupling)์€ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ์ €ํ•ญ๊ณผ ์ „๋ ฅ ์ „๋‹ฌ ํšจ์œจ์„ ์ธก์ •ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ ๋งค์šฐ ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ํ”Œ๋ผ์ฆˆ๋งˆ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ์ƒ๋  ๋•Œ ๋ณ€๊ฒฝ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ทนํŒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ „๋ ฅ ์†์‹ค ๋˜ํ•œ ํ•„์ˆ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ณ ๋ ค๋˜์–ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค.

๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ ์— ์ฃผ๋ชฉํ•˜์—ฌ RF ๋ฐ”์ด์–ด์Šค์šฉ ๊ทนํŒ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ์ƒ๋ถ€ ์œ ๋„ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ ํ”Œ๋ผ์ฆˆ๋งˆ์—์„œ ์ฑ”๋ฒ„ ๊ธธ์ด์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์ „๊ธฐ์  ํŠน์„ฑ๊ณผ ์ „๊ธฐ์žฅ ๋ฐ ์ž๊ธฐ์žฅ์˜ ๋ถ„ํฌ๋ฅผ ์กฐ์‚ฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ฑ”๋ฒ„์˜ ๊ธธ์ด๊ฐ€ ๋ณ€๊ฒฝ๋จ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ์ €ํ•ญ์ด ๊ณ ์ •๋˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ๋ณ€ํ™”ํ•จ์„ ์‹คํ—˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ธก์ •ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ์ด ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์™€ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜์—ฌ ์ƒ๋ถ€ ICP ๋ฐฉ์ „์˜ ์ „๊ธฐ์  ํŠน์„ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•˜์—ฌ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํ”Œ๋ผ์ฆˆ๋งˆ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐฉ์ „๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ์กฐ๊ฑด์—์„œ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์˜ ์ €ํ•ญ์„ ์ธก์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‹์—์„œ ์‹ค์ œ ํ”Œ๋ผ์ฆˆ๋งˆ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐฉ์ „๋˜์—ˆ์„ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ์•ˆํ…Œ๋‚˜์™€ ๊ทนํŒ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ์ •์ „๊ธฐ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ์— ์˜ํ•œ ์†์‹ค(์ •์ „๊ธฐ์žฅ ์†์‹ค, electrostatic field loss)๊ณผ ์ž๊ธฐ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ ์†์‹ค(์™€์ „๋ฅ˜ ์†์‹ค, eddy current loss)๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๋…ผ์˜๋œ๋‹ค.

2. ์‹คํ—˜ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ

๊ทธ๋ฆผ 1์€ ์‹คํ—˜๊ณผ ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜์—์„œ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋œ ICP ์žฅ์น˜์ด๋‹ค. ์ฑ”๋ฒ„๋Š” ์›ํ†ตํ˜•์ด๋ฉฐ, ๋‚ด๋ถ€ ๋ฐ˜์ง€๋ฆ„(r)์€ 13 cm์ด๊ณ , ๊ธธ์ด(l)๋Š” ์ด๋™ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ํ•˜๋ถ€ ๊ทนํŒ์„ ์กฐ์ ˆํ•˜๋ฉด 4 cm์—์„œ 11cm๊นŒ์ง€ ๋ณ€๊ฒฝ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๋‹ค. ์ฑ”๋ฒ„์˜ ์˜†๋ฒฝ์€ stainless steel์ด๋ฉฐ, ์ฑ”๋ฒ„ ์ƒ๋ถ€์™€ ์•ˆํ…Œ๋‚˜ ์‚ฌ์ด์—๋Š” ์„ธ๋ผ๋ฏน ํŒ์ด ์„ค์น˜๋˜์–ด์žˆ๋‹ค. ์•ˆํ…Œ๋‚˜๋Š” ์ˆ˜๋ƒ‰์‹ ๋™๊ด€(water-cooled copper tube)์œผ๋กœ ์ œ์ž‘๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ƒ๋ถ€ ๊ฐ€์šด๋ฐ์—์„œ RF ์ „๋ ฅ(PRF)์ด ์ธ๊ฐ€๋˜๊ณ  ๋ณ‘๋ ฌ๋กœ 2ํ„ด(2-turn) ์•ˆํ…Œ๋‚˜ ํ˜•ํƒœ์ด๋ฉฐ ๋‘ ์–‘๋์ด ์ ‘์ง€์™€ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ฑ”๋ฒ„์˜ ํ•˜๋ถ€์—๋Š” ์ „๋ ฅ์„ ์ธ๊ฐ€ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ทนํŒ์ด ๋†“์—ฌ์žˆ๊ณ  ๊ทธ ๊ทนํŒ์˜ ๊ฒ‰๋ฉด์€ ์Šคํผํ„ฐ๋ง(sputtering)์„ ์–ต์ œํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์„ธ๋ผ๋ฏน ํŒ์ด ๋ฎ๊ฐœํ˜•์‹์œผ๋กœ ์”Œ์›Œ์ ธ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทนํŒ๊ณผ ์ฑ”๋ฒ„ ์˜†๋ฒฝ ์‚ฌ์ด์—๋Š” ๊ณ ์ง„๊ณต์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ธฐ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์ด ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ทธ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์€ ๊ธˆ์† ๋ฉ”์‹œ(stainless steel mesh)๊ฐ€ ์„ค์น˜๋œ๋‹ค. ์‹คํ—˜๊ณผ ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜์—์„œ ๊ตฌ๋™ ์ฃผํŒŒ์ˆ˜(f)๋Š” 13.56 MHz์ด๊ณ  ์•„๋ฅด๊ณค ๊ฐ€์Šค๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋œ๋‹ค.

๊ทธ๋ฆผ. 1. ICP ์ฑ”๋ฒ„ ๊ฐœ๋žต๋„

Fig. 1. A schematic diagram of ICP chamber

../../Resources/kiee/KIEE.2022.71.8.1135/fig1.png

2.1 ์‹คํ—˜ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ

13.56 MHz์˜ ์ „๋ ฅ์›์ด ์ž„ํ”ผ๋˜์Šค ๋งค์นญ ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ (matching network)์™€ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋˜๊ณ  ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 1์—์„œ ๋ณด์ด๋Š” Power input์œผ๋กœ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ฑ”๋ฒ„ ๊ธธ์ด๋Š” ์ตœ์†Œ 4 cm๊นŒ์ง€ ์ค„์ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋‚˜, ๋ทฐํฌํŠธ(view port)์— ๋ž‘๋ฎค์–ด ํ”„๋กœ๋ธŒ(Langmuir probe)์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ํƒ์นจ์„ ์„ค์น˜ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋ฉด, ๊ทธ ์œ„์น˜๊ฐ€ ์ฑ”๋ฒ„ ์ƒ๋ถ€๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 5-6 cm ๋ถ€๊ทผ์ด ๋˜๋ฉฐ ์ฑ”๋ฒ„ ๊ธธ์ด๊ฐ€ ์กฐ์ ˆ๋˜๋Š” ๋ฒ”์œ„๋Š” 11cm์—์„œ 6.5 cm๊นŒ์ง€๊ฐ€ ๋œ๋‹ค.

๋งค์นญ ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ ๋ฐ ์•ˆํ…Œ๋‚˜๋ฅผ ํฌํ•จํ•˜๋Š” ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ์ €ํ•ญ(Rsys)๋ฅผ ์ธก์ •ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ, ๋งค์นญ ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ์™€ ์•ˆํ…Œ๋‚˜ ์‚ฌ์ด์— ์ „๋ฅ˜ ํ”„๋กœ๋ธŒ(model 110 of Pearson Electronics, Inc.)๊ฐ€ ์„ค์น˜๋œ๋‹ค. ์ด ์ „๋ฅ˜ ํ”„๋กœ๋ธŒ๋Š” 1 MHz์—์„œ 20 MHz๊นŒ์ง€์˜ ๋™์ž‘ ๋ฒ”์œ„๋ฅผ ๊ฐ–๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์˜ค์‹ค๋กœ์Šค์ฝ”ํ”„๊ฐ€ 50์˜ด์œผ๋กœ ์„ค์ •๋  ๋•Œ, 0.05 VA-1์˜ ๊ฐ๋„๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค.

๊ทธ๋ฆผ 1์˜ ๋ฐฉ์ „ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์—์„œ ์ง๋ ฌํšŒ๋กœ ํ๋ฅด๋Š” ์ „๋ฅ˜๋Š” ๋™์ผํ•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ๊ฐ€์ •ํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ํ”Œ๋ผ์ฆˆ๋งˆ๊ฐ€ ์—†์„ ๋•Œ์˜ Rsys์™€ PRF์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„์‹์€ ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค(19).

(1)
$R_{sys}=\dfrac{P_{RF}}{I_{RF}^{2}}$

์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ IRF๋Š” ์•ˆํ…Œ๋‚˜์— ํ๋ฅด๋Š” ์ „๋ฅ˜์ด๋‹ค.

3. ์ „์ž๊ธฐ์žฅ ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜

์ „๊ธฐ์žฅ๊ณผ ์ž๊ธฐ์žฅ์˜ ๋ถ„ํฌ๋ฅผ ํ™•์ธํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด, Computer Simulation Technology (CST) Studio Suite 2021 (25)์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ์‹คํ—˜๊ณผ ํฌ๊ธฐ ๋ฐ ์žฌ์งˆ์ด ๊ฐ™๊ฒŒ ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•˜์—ฌ ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜์„ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ, ํ”Œ๋ผ์ฆˆ๋งˆ๊ฐ€ ํฌํ•จ๋œ ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜์„ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ, ํ”Œ๋ผ์ฆˆ๋งˆ์˜ ์žฌ๋ฃŒ ํŠน์„ฑ(material properties of plasma)์€ Drude dispersion ๋ชจ๋ธ๋กœ ์„ค์ •ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. Drude dispersion ๋ชจ๋ธ์€ ํ”Œ๋ผ์ฆˆ๋งˆ์—์„œ ์ƒ๋Œ€์ ์œผ๋กœ ์›€์ง์ด์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ์ค‘์„ฑ์ข… ๋˜๋Š” ์ด์˜จ๊ณผ ์ „์ž์˜ ์‚ฐ๋ž€ ์ธก๋ฉด(the scattering of the charge carriers)์—์„œ ํ”Œ๋ผ์ฆˆ๋งˆ์˜ ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ชจ๋ธ์ด๋‹ค. Drude dispersion ๋ชจ๋ธ์—์„œ ์œ ์ „ ์ƒ์ˆ˜ (the dielectric constant of the Drude dispersion model, ฮต)์€ ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ํ‘œํ˜„๋œ๋‹ค.

(2)
$\epsilon =\epsilon_{0}\left\{\epsilon_{\infty}-\dfrac{\omega_{P}^{2}}{\omega(\omega -j\nu_{m})}\right\}$

์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ฮต0์€ ์ง„๊ณต ์œ ์ „์œจ, ฮตโˆž์€ ๋ฌดํ•œ ์ฃผํŒŒ์ˆ˜์—์„œ ์ƒ๋Œ€ ์œ ์ „ ์ƒ์ˆ˜(the relative dielectric constant at infinite frequency)์ด๊ณ  (์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ, ฮตโˆž = 1), ฯ‰๋Š” ๊ตฌ๋™ ๊ฐ(angular) ์ฃผํŒŒ์ˆ˜์ด๊ณ  (ฯ‰ = 2ฯ€f), ฮฝm์€ ์ „์ž-์ค‘์„ฑ์ข… ์ถฉ๋Œ ์ฃผํŒŒ์ˆ˜์ด๊ณ  ฯ‰P๋Š” ํ”Œ๋ผ์ฆˆ๋งˆ ๊ฐ ์ฃผํŒŒ์ˆ˜์ด๋‹ค.

ฯ‰P์€ ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ์ฃผ์–ด์ง„๋‹ค.

(3)
$\omega_{P}=2\pi f_{P}=\sqrt{\dfrac{e^{2}n_{P}}{m\epsilon_{0}}}$

์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ fP๋Š” ํ”Œ๋ผ์ฆˆ๋งˆ ์ฃผํŒŒ์ˆ˜, e๋Š” ์ „ํ•˜๋Ÿ‰, nP๋Š” ํ”Œ๋ผ์ฆˆ๋งˆ ๋ฐ€๋„, m์€ ์ „์ž์งˆ๋Ÿ‰์ด๋‹ค.

4. ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๋ฐ ๋…ผ์˜

๊ทธ๋ฆผ 2๋Š” ์ฑ”๋ฒ„ ๊ธธ์ด์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ์ €ํ•ญ์˜ ์ธก์ • ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค€๋‹ค. ์ฑ”๋ฒ„ ๊ธธ์ด๊ฐ€ 11 cm, 9.5 cm, 8 cm, 6.5 cm๋กœ ์ค„์–ด๋“ฆ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ์ €ํ•ญ์€ 0.138 ฮฉ, 0.141 ฮฉ, 0.143 ฮฉ, 0.145 ฮฉ์œผ๋กœ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•จ์„ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด ์‹คํ—˜๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ์ฑ”๋ฒ„ ๊ธธ์ด๊ฐ€ ๋ณ€๊ฒฝ๋จ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ธก์ •๋˜๋Š” ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ์ €ํ•ญ์ด ๋‹ฌ๋ผ์งˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๋งค์šฐ ํฅ๋ฏธ๋กœ์šด ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ธ๋‹ค. ์ •ํ™•ํ•œ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ์ €ํ•ญ์˜ ์ธก์ •์ด ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์ด์œ ๋Š” ํ”Œ๋ผ์ฆˆ๋งˆ์— ํก์ˆ˜๋˜๋Š” ์ „๋ ฅ(Pabs)์€

(4)
$P_{abs}=P_{RF}-I_{RF}^{2}R_{sys}$

์œผ๋กœ Rsys์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ํ”Œ๋ผ์ฆˆ๋งˆ์— ํก์ˆ˜๋˜๋Š” ์ „๋ ฅ์ด ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ์ƒ๊ธธ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์ •ํ™•ํ•œ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์ €ํ•ญ์˜ ์ธก์ • ๋ฐ ์„ค์ •์€ ๋งค์šฐ ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค.

์‹ค์ œ ํ”Œ๋ผ์ฆˆ๋งˆ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐฉ์ „๋œ ์ƒํƒœ์—์„œ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ์ €ํ•ญ์€ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 2์—์„œ ์ธก์ •๋œ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ์ €ํ•ญ๊ณผ ๋‹ฌ๋ผ์งˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ํ”Œ๋ผ์ฆˆ๋งˆ๊ฐ€ ์—†์„ ๋•Œ ์‹ (1)๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์–ป์–ด์ง„ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ์†์‹ค ์ „๋ ฅ์€ ํ•˜๋ถ€ ๊ทนํŒ์—์„œ ์ •์ „๊ธฐ ๋ฐ ์ž๊ธฐ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ์†์‹ค์ด ํฌํ•จ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋‹ค. ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ธˆ์†ํŒ์— ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šธ์ˆ˜๋ก ์ •์ „๊ธฐ์žฅ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ์ „๋ ฅ ์†์‹ค(์ •์ „๊ธฐ์žฅ ์†์‹ค, electrostatic field loss)๊ณผ ์‹œ๋ณ€ ์ž๊ธฐ์žฅ์— ์˜ํ•œ ์ „๋„์„ฑ ํ‘œ๋ฉด์— ์œ ๋„๋˜๋Š” ์™€์ „๋ฅ˜ ์†์‹ค(eddy current loss)์€ ๋ชจ๋‘ ๋” ์ปค์ง„๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, ํ”Œ๋ผ์ฆˆ๋งˆ๊ฐ€ ์ƒ์„ฑ๋  ๋•Œ, ์ •์ „๊ธฐ์žฅ์˜ ์ฐจํ์กฐ๊ฑด๊ณผ ํŒจ๋Ÿฌ๋ฐ์ด ์ „์ž๊ธฐ ์œ ๋„ ๋ฒ•์น™(Faradayโ€™s law of induction)์— ์˜ํ•œ ์œ ๋„ํ•„๋“œ์˜ ์นจํˆฌ(๋˜๋Š” ํ‘œํ”ผ) ๊ธธ์ด(skin depth)๊ฐ€ ๊ณ ๋ ค๋˜์–ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ํ”Œ๋ผ์ฆˆ๋งˆ๊ฐ€ ์ƒ์„ฑ๋˜์—ˆ์„ ๋•Œ ๊ทนํŒ์— ์ƒ๊ธฐ๋Š” ์ •์ „๊ธฐ์žฅ ์†์‹ค๊ณผ ์™€๋ฅ˜ ์†์‹ค์„ ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ์ธก์ •ํ•˜๊ธฐ๋Š” ๋งค์šฐ ํž˜๋“ค๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 3๊ณผ 4์—์„œ ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜์„ ํ†ตํ•œ ์ „์ž๊ธฐ์žฅ ๋ถ„ํฌ๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด์—ˆ๋‹ค.

๊ทธ๋ฆผ. 2. ์ฑ”๋ฒ„ ๊ธธ์ด(l)์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ์ €ํ•ญ(Rsys) ์ธก์ • (a) 6.5 cm, (b) 8 cm, (c) 9.5 cm, (d) 11 cm

Fig. 2. System resistance (Rsys) measurement at the chamber length (l) of (a) 6.5 cm, (b) 8 cm, (c) 9.5 cm, and (d) 11 cm

../../Resources/kiee/KIEE.2022.71.8.1135/fig2.png

4.1 ์ „๊ธฐ์žฅ ๋ถ„ํฌ (Electric field distribution)

ํ”Œ๋ผ์ฆˆ๋งˆ๊ฐ€ ์—†์„ ๋•Œ์™€ ํ”Œ๋ผ์ฆˆ๋งˆ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์„ ๋•Œ์˜ ์ •์ „๊ธฐ์žฅ ์†์‹ค๊ณผ ์™€์ „๋ฅ˜ ์†์‹ค์„ ์•ผ๊ธฐํ•˜๋Š” ์ „๊ธฐ์žฅ๊ณผ ์ž๊ธฐ์žฅ์˜ ๋ถ„ํฌ๋ฅผ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ, ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜์„ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ๋Š” ์ง„๊ณต(vacuum)์œผ๋กœ ์ฑ”๋ฒ„ ๋‚ด๋ถ€๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•˜์˜€์„ ๋•Œ, ๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ๋Š” ํ”Œ๋ผ์ฆˆ๋งˆ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์„ ๋•Œ(2.2์ ˆ ์ฐธ๊ณ )์ด๋‹ค. ํ”Œ๋ผ์ฆˆ๋งˆ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์„ ๋•Œ๋Š” ๋ฐ€๋„๊ฐ€ 1ร—109 $cm^{-3}$, 1ร—1010 $cm^{-3}$, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  1ร—109 $cm^{-3}$์ธ 3๊ฐ€์ง€ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋ฅผ ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.

๊ทธ๋ฆผ 3(a)๋Š” ํ”Œ๋ผ์ฆˆ๋งˆ๊ฐ€ ์—†์„ ๋•Œ ์ฑ”๋ฒ„ ๊ธธ์ด์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์ „๊ธฐ์žฅ ๋ถ„ํฌ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค€๋‹ค. l์ด 4 cm ์ผ ๋•Œ ๊ทนํŒ์—์„œ์˜ ์ „๊ธฐ์žฅ์ด ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๊ฐ•ํ•˜๊ณ  l์ด ๊ธธ์–ด์งˆ์ˆ˜๋ก ๊ทนํŒ์˜ ์ „๊ธฐ์žฅ์ด ์•ฝํ•ด์ง€๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ™•์ธ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 2์—์„œ ์ฑ”๋ฒ„์˜ ๊ธธ์ด๊ฐ€ ๊ธธ์–ด์งˆ์ˆ˜๋ก ์ธก์ •๋œ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ์ €ํ•ญ์ด ๊ฐ์†Œํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ์ž˜ ์ผ์น˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์ด๋‹ค.

ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ํ”Œ๋ผ์ฆˆ๋งˆ๊ฐ€ ์ƒ์„ฑ๋˜์—ˆ์„ ๋•Œ(๊ทธ๋ฆผ 3(b) ์ฐธ๊ณ )๋Š” ํ”Œ๋ผ์ฆˆ๋งˆ์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ „๊ธฐ์žฅ์ด ์ฐจํ๋˜์–ด ๊ทนํŒ์— ์ „๊ธฐ์žฅ์€ ๊ฑฐ์˜ ์—†๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ”Œ๋ผ์ฆˆ๋งˆ๊ฐ€ ์ƒ์„ฑ๋˜๋ฉด ํ”Œ๋ผ์ฆˆ๋งˆ ์ฃผํŒŒ์ˆ˜๋ณด๋‹ค ๋†’์€ ์ „๊ธฐ์žฅ์˜ ์„ญ๋™์€ ์ „์ž์˜ ์›€์ง์ž„์œผ๋กœ ์ฐจํํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†์ง€๋งŒ, ํ”Œ๋ผ์ฆˆ๋งˆ ์ฃผํŒŒ์ˆ˜๋ณด๋‹ค ๋‚ฎ์€ ์ „๊ธฐ์žฅ์˜ ์„ญ๋™์€ ํ”Œ๋ผ์ฆˆ๋งˆ๋ฅผ ํ†ต๊ณผํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๊ณ  ์‰ฌ์Šค ์ •๋„์˜ ๊ธธ์ด์—์„œ ์ฐจํ๋œ๋‹ค.

์‹ (3)์„ ์ฐธ๊ณ  ํ•˜๋ฉด, ํ”Œ๋ผ์ฆˆ๋งˆ ๋ฐ€๋„๊ฐ€ 1ร—1010 $cm^{-3}$์ผ ๋•Œ ํ”Œ๋ผ์ฆˆ๋งˆ ์ฃผํŒŒ์ˆ˜๋Š” ์•ฝ 900 MHz๊ฐ€ ๋˜๊ณ , ์ด๋Š” ๊ตฌ๋™ ์ฃผํŒŒ์ˆ˜์ธ 13.56 MHz์— ๋น„ํ•ด ์•ฝ 66๋ฐฐ ํฌ๋‹ค. ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ICP๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ํ”Œ๋ผ์ฆˆ๋งˆ ๊ณต์ • ๋ฐ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์‹ค ์ˆ˜์ค€์—์„œ ํ”Œ๋ผ์ฆˆ๋งˆ ๋ฐ€๋„ ๋ฒ”์œ„๋Š” 1ร—108 $cm^{-3}$์—์„œ 1ร—1012 $cm^{-3}$์ด๋‹ค. nP๊ฐ€ ์ตœ์†Œ 1ร—108 $cm^{-3}$๋งŒ ๋˜์–ด๋„ fP๋Š” ์•ฝ 90 MHz๊ฐ€ ๋˜๊ณ  13.56 MHz์— ๋น„ํ•ด ์•ฝ 7๋ฐฐ ํฌ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ํ”Œ๋ผ์ฆˆ๋งˆ ๋ฒŒํฌ(bulk)๋ฅผ ํ†ต๊ณผํ•ด์„œ ๊ทนํŒ์— ์ •์ „๊ธฐ์žฅ ์†์‹ค์€ ์—†๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ถ”๊ฐ€๋กœ, ํ”Œ๋ผ์ฆˆ๋งˆ์˜ ์ •์˜์— ์˜ํ•ด์„œ ์ค€์ค‘์„ฑ(quasi-neutral)์ด ์œ ์ง€๋˜์–ด์•ผํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์‰ฌ์Šค ๊ธธ์ด ์ •๋„ ์ˆ˜์ค€์œผ๋กœ ์ฑ”๋ฒ„๋ฅผ ์ž‘๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“ค ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋‹ค(1). ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋ฏ€๋กœ ์ƒ๋ถ€ ICP ์•ˆํ…Œ๋‚˜ ํ˜•ํƒœ์—์„œ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ์ €ํ•ญ์„ ์ธก์ •ํ•  ๋•Œ์—๋Š” ์ •์ „๊ธฐ์†์‹ค์ด ์ตœ์†Œ๊ฐ€ ๋˜๋„๋ก ์ฑ”๋ฒ„ ๊ธธ์ด๋ฅผ ๊ธธ๊ฒŒ ํ•˜์—ฌ์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค.

๊ทธ๋ฆผ. 3. (a) ํ”Œ๋ผ์ฆˆ๋งˆ ์—†์„ ๋•Œ์™€ (b) ํ”Œ๋ผ์ฆˆ๋งˆ ์žˆ์„ ๋•Œ, ์ฑ”๋ฒ„ ๊ธธ์ด(l)์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์ „๊ธฐ์žฅ ๋ถ„ํฌ.

Fig. 3. Electric field distribution (a) without plasma and (b) with plasma.

../../Resources/kiee/KIEE.2022.71.8.1135/fig3.png

๊ทธ๋ฆผ. 4. (a) l = 4 cm์™€ (b) l = 6 cm์ผ ๋•Œ, ํ”Œ๋ผ์ฆˆ๋งˆ ๋ฐ€๋„์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์ž๊ธฐ์žฅ ๋ถ„ํฌ.

Fig. 4. H-field distribution with various plasma densities at (a) l = 4 cm and (b) l = 6 cm.

../../Resources/kiee/KIEE.2022.71.8.1135/fig4.png

4.2 ์ž๊ธฐ์žฅ ๋ถ„ํฌ (Magnetic field distribution)

๊ทธ๋ฆผ 4๋Š” ์ฑ”๋ฒ„ ๊ธธ์ด๊ฐ€ 4 cm์™€ 6 cm์ผ ๋•Œ ํ”Œ๋ผ์ฆˆ๋งˆ ๋ฐ€๋„์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์ž๊ธฐ์žฅ ๋ถ„ํฌ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค€๋‹ค. ํ”Œ๋ผ์ฆˆ๋งˆ ๋ฐ€๋„๊ฐ€ 0์ผ ๋•Œ๋ฅผ vacuum์œผ๋กœ ์—ฌ๊ธธ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 4(a)์—์„œ์˜ ๊ทนํŒ์— ์ž๊ธฐ์žฅ ์„ธ๊ธฐ(intensity)๋Š” ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 4(b)์—์„œ์˜ ๊ทนํŒ์— ์ž๊ธฐ์žฅ ๊ฐ•๋„๋ณด๋‹ค ๊ฐ•ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 4(a)์˜ ๊ทนํŒ๊ณผ ์•ˆํ…Œ๋‚˜์™€์˜ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€๊น๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋Š” ํ˜„์ƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ์ฃผ๋ชฉํ•  ์ ์€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์กฐ๊ฑด๊ณผ ๋‹ค๋ฅด๊ฒŒ np=1ร—1011 $cm^{-3}$์—์„œ ์ž๊ธฐ์žฅ์˜ ์„ธ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ํ™•์—ฐํžˆ ์•ฝํ•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ํ‘œํ”ผ ๊ธธ์ด์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋กœ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ”Œ๋ผ์ฆˆ๋งˆ ํ‘œํ”ผ ๊ธธ์ด(ฮดP)๋Š”

(5)
$\delta_{P}=\dfrac{c}{\omega_{P}}\left\{\dfrac{2}{\dfrac{1}{1+\left(\dfrac{\nu_{eff}}{\omega}\right)^{2}}+\left(\dfrac{1}{1+\left(\dfrac{\nu_{eff}}{\omega}\right)^{2}}\right)^{1/2}}\right\}^{1/2}$

๋กœ ์ฃผ์–ด์ง„๋‹ค(18). ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ c๋Š” ๋น›์˜ ์†๋„์ด๊ณ , ฮฝeff๋Š” ์œ ํšจ ์ถฉ๋Œ ์ฃผํŒŒ์ˆ˜์ด๋ฉฐ ฮฝm๊ณผ ๋น„์ถฉ๋Œ ์ฃผํŒŒ์ˆ˜(stochastic collision frequency, ฮฝstoc)์˜ ํ•ฉ,

(6)
$\nu_{eff}=\nu_{m}+\nu_{stoc}$

์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.

๊ทธ๋ฆผ. 5. (a) l = 8 cm์™€ (b) l = 11 cm์ผ ๋•Œ, ํ”Œ๋ผ์ฆˆ๋งˆ ๋ฐ€๋„์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์ž๊ธฐ์žฅ ๋ถ„ํฌ.

Fig. 5. H-field distribution with various plasma densities at (a) l = 8 cm and (b) l = 11 cm.

../../Resources/kiee/KIEE.2022.71.8.1135/fig5.png

์‹ (5)๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ฐ ๋ฐ€๋„๋ณ„๋กœ ํ‘œํ”ผ ๊ธธ์ด๋ฅผ ๊ณ„์‚ฐํ•˜๋ฉด, np=1ร—109 $cm^{-3}$์ผ ๋•Œ ฮดP๋Š” ์•ฝ 21 cm, np=1ร—1010 $cm^{-3}$์ผ ๋•Œ ฮดP๋Š” ์•ฝ 6.8 cm, np=1ร—1011 $cm^{-3}$์ผ ๋•Œ ฮดP๋Š” ์•ฝ 2.3 cm๊ฐ€ ๋œ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ํ‘œํ”ผ ๊ธธ์ด๊ฐ€ ์ฑ”๋ฒ„์˜ ๊ธธ์ด๋ณด๋‹ค ์งง์€ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ฆ‰, np=1ร—1011 $cm^{-3}$์ผ ๋•Œ๋Š” ๊ทนํŒ์— ์™€๋ฅ˜ ์†์‹ค์ด ๊ฑฐ์˜ ์—†์„ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์˜ˆ์ƒํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 4(a)์˜ np=1ร—1011 $cm^{-3}$์ผ ๋•Œ, ์ฑ”๋ฒ„ ๊ธธ์ด๊ฐ€ 4 cm๋กœ 2.3 cm๋ณด๋‹ค ๊ธธ์ง€๋งŒ ๊ทนํŒ์— ์ž๊ธฐ์žฅ์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ์ด ์กฐ๊ธˆ์€ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฑธ๋กœ ์—ฌ๊ฒจ์ง„๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ํ‘œํ”ผ ๊ธธ์ด๋ฅผ ๊ณ„์‚ฐ ์‹œ, ํ•„๋“œ๊ฐ€ ๋ณธ๋ž˜ ์„ธ๊ธฐ์˜ ์•ฝ 36%๋กœ ๊ฐ์†Œํ–ˆ์„ ๋•Œ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ์ค€์œผ๋กœํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—, ๊ทนํŒ์— ๋งค์šฐ ์ž‘์ง€๋งŒ ์ž๊ธฐ์žฅ์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋ณด์ธ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ l=6 cm์ผ ๋•Œ๋Š” ์ž๊ธฐ์žฅ์ด ๊ฑฐ์˜ 0์ธ ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์— ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์ถ”๊ฐ€ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋กœ np=1ร—1011 $cm^{-3}$์ผ ๋•Œ ์ž๊ธฐ์žฅ์ด ๊ฑฐ์˜ 0์ด ๋˜๋Š” ์ฑ”๋ฒ„ ๊ธธ์ด๋Š” ํ‘œํ”ผ๊ธธ์ด์˜ ์•ฝ 2๋ฐฐ์ธ 5 cm ๊ทผ์ฒ˜์ด๊ณ , TEํŒŒ(TE wave)์˜ ํ”Œ๋ผ์ฆˆ๋งˆ๋‚ด์˜ ๊ฐ์‡ ๋ฅผ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ณ„์‚ฐ์„ ํ•˜๋ฉด(26) ์ด๋•Œ์˜ ํ•„๋“œ ์„ธ๊ธฐ๋Š” ๋ณธ๋ž˜ ์„ธ๊ธฐ์˜ ์•ฝ 1/10(์ฆ‰, ์•ฝ โ€“10 dB)์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ์†Œํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค.

๊ทธ๋ฆผ 5๋Š” ์ฑ”๋ฒ„ ๊ธธ์ด๊ฐ€ 8 cm์™€ 11 cm์ผ ๋•Œ ํ”Œ๋ผ์ฆˆ๋งˆ ๋ฐ€๋„ ์ง„๊ณต ๋ฐ 3 ๊ฐ€์ง€ ํ”Œ๋ผ์ฆˆ๋งˆ ๋ฐ€๋„์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์ž๊ธฐ์žฅ ๋ถ„ํฌ๋ฅผ ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜ํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์ด๋‹ค. np=1ร—1011 $cm^{-3}$์ผ ๋•Œ๋Š” l์ด ฮดP์— ๋น„ํ•ด ํฌ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 4์—์„œ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์„ ๋ณด์ด๊ณ  ์ฑ”๋ฒ„ ๊ธธ์ด๊ฐ€ ๋” ์ฆ๊ฐ€๋˜์–ด๋„ ๊ทนํŒ์˜ ์ž๊ธฐ์žฅ ์„ธ๊ธฐ์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ์€ ์—†๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 5์—์„œ np=1ร—109 $cm^{-3}$์ผ ๋•Œ ฮดP๋Š” 21 cm๋กœ ์ฑ”๋ฒ„์˜ ๊ธธ์ด๋ณด๋‹ค ๋งค์šฐ ๊ธด๋ฐ๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ทนํŒ์— ์ž๊ธฐ์žฅ ์„ธ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๊ฑฐ์˜ 0์— ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šด ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ์ฑ”๋ฒ„์˜ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์ ์ธ ํŠน์„ฑ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ํ‘œํ”ผ ๊ธธ์ด์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋กœ ํ•ด์„ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.

์‹คํ—˜ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์—์„œ ์„ค๋ช…ํ–ˆ๋“ฏ์ด, ์ฑ”๋ฒ„์˜ ์˜†๋ฒฝ์€ ์Šคํ…Œ์ธ๋ ˆ์Šค ์Šคํ‹ธ๋กœ ๋˜์–ด์žˆ๋‹ค. ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ๋งŽ์€ ์ฑ”๋ฒ„์—์„œ ๋ฌด๊ฑฐ์šด ๋ฌด๊ฒŒ๋ฅผ ์ง€ํƒฑํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๊ธˆ์† ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฌผ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜๊ณ , ์ด๋Š” ํ‘œํ”ผ ๊ธธ์ด์˜ ๊ฐ์†Œ๋ฅผ ์•ผ๊ธฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ฑ”๋ฒ„์˜ ๋ฐ˜๊ฒฝ r์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ํ‘œํ”ผ ๊ธธ์ด ฮด๋Š”

(7)
$\delta\approx\dfrac{r}{3.83}$

์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ„๋žตํ™” ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค(26). ๋ณธ ์‹คํ—˜ ์กฐ๊ฑด์—์„œ r์€ 13 cm์ด๋ฉฐ, ฮด์€ ์•ฝ 3.4 cm๋กœ ๊ณ„์‚ฐ๋œ๋‹ค. ์‹ (5)์™€ ์‹ (7)์˜ ๊ณ„์‚ฐ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด์„œ, ฮดP์™€ ฮด ์ค‘์— ๋” ์งง์€ ํ‘œํ”ผ ๊ธธ์ด๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ณ , ฮดP << ฮด ์ธ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์— ์ฑ”๋ฒ„ ์ž์ฒด์˜ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์—์„œ ์†์‹ค๋˜๋Š” ์ „๋ ฅ์ด ๋งค์šฐ ํด ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Œ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, ์ฑ”๋ฒ„ ๊ธธ์ด๋ฅผ ํ‘œํ”ผ ๊ธธ์ด์˜ 3๋ฐฐ๋กœ ๋” ๋Š˜๋ฆฌ๋ฉด ์›๋ž˜ ํ•„๋“œ๊ฐ€ -20 dB๋กœ ๊ฐ์‡ (99% ๊ฐ์†Œ)๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์—์„œ ฮด ์˜ 2.1๋ฐฐ์ผ ๋•Œ๋„ ์ž๊ธฐ์žฅ ์„ธ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋ฌด์‹œํ• ๋งŒํ•œ ์ˆ˜์ค€์ด ๋จ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

4.3 ํ”Œ๋ผ์ฆˆ๋งˆ ๋ถ„ํฌ (Plasma distribution)

์ฑ”๋ฒ„ ๊ธธ์ด ๋ณ€ํ™”์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ํ”Œ๋ผ์ฆˆ๋งˆ์˜ ๋ถ„ํฌ ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜์„ ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด COMSOL Multiphysics์˜ ํ”Œ๋ผ์ฆˆ๋งˆ ๋ชจ๋“ˆ์ด ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค (27). ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 6์€ ๊ณ ์ •๋œ 13.56 MHz ์ „๋ ฅ์—์„œ l์ด 11 cm์—์„œ 4 cm๋กœ ๊ฐ์†Œํ•จ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์ „์ž ๋ฐ€๋„(ne) ๋ฐ ์ „์ž ์˜จ๋„(Te) ๋ถ„ํฌ์˜ ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „์ž ์˜จ๋„ ๋ถ„ํฌ๋Š” l์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  ํฌ๊ฒŒ ๋ณ€ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค (28). ํ•œํŽธ, ์ „์ž ๋ฐ€๋„์˜ ๋ถ„ํฌ๋Š” l = 11 cm์ผ ๋•Œ ์„ผํ„ฐ๊ฐ€ ๋†’์€ ๋ถ„ํฌ์ด๊ณ , l = 8 cm์ผ ๋•Œ ๋ฐ˜๊ฒฝ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์œผ๋กœ ๊ธธ๊ฒŒ ํ˜•์„ฑ๋˜์–ด ์ƒ๋Œ€์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ท ์ผํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ l = 6 cm์—์„œ ์ „์ž ๋ฐ€๋„์˜ ์ตœ๋Œ€์ง€์ ์€ ์•ฝ 8 cm์ด๋ฉฐ ๋ถˆ๊ท ์ผํ•ด์ง„๋‹ค. l = 4 cm์ผ ๋•Œ ์ „์ž ๋ฐ€๋„์˜ ์ตœ๋Œ€ ์ง€์ ์€ ๋‘ ์•ˆํ…Œ๋‚˜ ์ฝ”์ผ ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ์œ„์น˜์ธ 10 cm ๋ถ€๊ทผ์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋™ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ์ฑ”๋ฒ„ ๊ธธ์ด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ „์ž ๋™์—ญํ•™์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๋…ผ์˜๋˜์–ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ „์ž ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ์†Œ๋ชจ ๊ธธ์ด (ฮปฮต)๋Š” ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ์ฃผ์–ด์ง€๊ณ  (1),

(8)
$\lambda_{\epsilon}=\lambda_{en}\left(\dfrac{2m}{M}+\dfrac{\nu_{ee}}{\nu_{m}}\right)^{-1/2},\:$

๊ทธ๋ฆผ. 6. l = 4 โ€“ 11 cm ์ผ ๋•Œ, (a) ์ „์ž ๋ฐ€๋„ ๋ถ„ํฌ์™€ (b) ์ „์ž์˜จ๋„ ๋ถ„ํฌ.

Fig. 6. Simulation results of ne and Te distribution with changing chamber length at a fixed RF power.

../../Resources/kiee/KIEE.2022.71.8.1135/fig6.png

์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ M์€ ์ด์˜จ ์งˆ๋Ÿ‰, ฮปen์€ ์ „์ž-์ค‘์„ฑ์ข… ํ‰๊ท  ์ž์œ ํ–‰๋กœ, ฮฝee๋Š” ์ „์ž-์ „์ž ์ถฉ๋Œ ์ฃผํŒŒ์ˆ˜์ด๋‹ค. ๋งŒ์•ฝ ฮปฮต๊ฐ€ ์ฑ”๋ฒ„ ๊ธธ์ด๋ณด๋‹ค ๋งค์šฐ ์งง์œผ๋ฉด ์•ˆํ…Œ๋‚˜ ๊ทผ์ฒ˜์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์—ด๋œ ์ „์ž๋“ค์€ ๊ทธ ๊ทผ์ฒ˜์—์„œ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€๋ฅผ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„ ์†Œ๋ชจํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜๊ณ , ์ด๋•Œ ์ „์ž๋“ค์€ ๊ตญ๋ถ€์  ๋™์—ญํ•™์„ ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ฮปฮต๊ฐ€ ์ฑ”๋ฒ„ ๊ธธ์ด๋ณด๋‹ค ๊ธธ๋ฉด ์ „์ž์žฅ์— ์˜ํ•ด ๊ฐ€์—ด๋œ ์ „์ž๋“ค์€ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€๋ฅผ ์ „๋ถ€ ์†Œ๋ชจํ•˜๊ธฐ ์ „์— ์ฑ”๋ฒ„ ์ „์—ญ์„ ์ด๋™ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ณ , ์ด๋•Œ ๋น„๊ตญ๋ถ€์  ๋™์—ญํ•™์„ ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๋น„๊ตญ๋ถ€์  ๋™์—ญํ•™์—์„œ ์ตœ๋Œ€ ์ „์ž ๊ฐ€์—ด ์ง€์—ญ(์•ˆํ…Œ๋‚˜๊ทผ์ฒ˜)๊ณผ ์ตœ๋Œ€ ์ด์˜จํ™” ์ง€์—ญ์€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ณณ์ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 6์˜ 11 cm์ธ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์— ์ „์ž์˜จ๋„์˜ ์ตœ๋Œ€์ง€์ ์ด ์ „๊ธฐ์žฅ์ด ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๊ฐ•ํ•œ ์•ˆํ…Œ๋‚˜ ๊ทผ์ฒ˜์—์„œ ์ตœ๋Œ€์ด์ง€๋งŒ ๋ฐ€๋„์˜ ์ตœ๋Œ€์ง€์ ์€ ์ฑ”๋ฒ„์˜ ์ค‘์•™์ธ ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ์ž˜ ์ผ์น˜ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์•„๋ฅด๊ณค 25 mTorr ์••๋ ฅ์—์„œ ฮปฮต๋Š” ์•ฝ 17 cm (ne = 1 ร— 1011 $cm^{-3}$, Te = 3 V์ผ ๋•Œ)๊ฐ€ ๋˜๊ณ  ์ฑ”๋ฒ„ ๊ธธ์ด๋ณด๋‹ค ๊ธธ๋‹ค.

์‹ (8)๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ฮปฮต๋Š” ne๊ฐ€ ์ž‘์•„์ง€๊ณ  Te๊ฐ€ ๋†’์„์ˆ˜๋ก ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•จ์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ 11 cm๋ณด๋‹ค ์ž‘์€ ๋ชจ๋“  l์€ ๋น„๊ตญ๋ถ€์  ์กฐ๊ฑด์„ ์ถฉ์กฑํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ l = 6 cm ๋ฐ l = 4 cm์ผ ๋•Œ ne ๋ถ„ํฌ๋Š” ๋ˆˆ์— ๋„๊ฒŒ ๊ตญ๋ถ€์ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ์ฐจ์ด๋Š” ์ฑ”๋ฒ„ ๊ธธ์ด๋ฅผ ์„ค์ •ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ๋งค์šฐ ์ค‘์š”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ตญ๋ถ€์  ๋ถ„ํฌ๋กœ ๋ณ€ํ™”ํ•˜๋Š” ์ฑ”๋ฒ„ ๊ธธ์ด๋Š” ์œ„(4.2)์— ์–ธ๊ธ‰ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ํ‘œํ”ผ ๊ธธ์ด์˜ 2.1๋ฐฐ ๊ธธ์ด์™€ ์ž˜ ์ผ์น˜ํ•จ์„ ๋ณด์ธ๋‹ค.

5. ๊ฒฐ ๋ก 

๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ํ•˜๋ถ€ ์ ๊ทน์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ์ƒ๋ถ€ ์œ ๋„ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ ํ”Œ๋ผ์ฆˆ๋งˆ์—์„œ ์ฑ”๋ฒ„๊ธธ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์ „๊ธฐ์  ํŠน์„ฑ๊ณผ ํ”Œ๋ผ์ฆˆ๋งˆ ๋ถ„ํฌ๋ฅผ ์กฐ์‚ฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์†Œ์Šค ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ํ”Œ๋ผ์ฆˆ๋งˆ ๊ณต์ •๊ณผ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ์ ์ธ ์‹คํ—˜์‹ค ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ชจ๋‘์—์„œ ๊ณ ๋ฐ€๋„ ํ”Œ๋ผ์ฆˆ๋งˆ์™€ ์ด์˜จ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ๋…๋ฆฝ์ ์ธ ์ œ์–ด์— ๋„๋ฆฌ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๋งค์šฐ ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค.

์‹คํ—˜์—์„œ ์ฑ”๋ฒ„ ๊ธธ์ด๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ์†Œํ•จ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ์ €ํ•ญ์ด ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ํ”Œ๋ผ์ฆˆ๋งˆ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐฉ์ „๋˜๋ฉด ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ๋ณ€ํ™”์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์ •์ „๊ธฐ์žฅ ๋ฐ ์™€์ „๋ฅ˜ ์†์‹ค๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ์‹ค์ œ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ์ €ํ•ญ์ด ๋‹ค๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์—์„œ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ํ”Œ๋ผ์ฆˆ๋งˆ ๋ฐ€๋„ ์˜์—ญ์—์„œ๋Š” ํ•˜๋ถ€ ํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ดํŠธ์˜ ์ •์ „๊ธฐ์žฅ ์†์‹ค์ด ์—†์œผ๋ฏ€๋กœ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ์ €ํ•ญ ์ธก์ • ์‹œ ์ •์ „๊ธฐ์žฅ ์†์‹ค์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ์ด ์—†์–ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ์ €ํ•ญ์„ ์ธก์ •ํ•  ๋•Œ ํ•˜๋‹จ ์ „๊ทน์€ ์•ˆํ…Œ๋‚˜์˜ ์ •์ „๊ธฐ์žฅ์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฐ›์ง€ ์•Š์„ ๋งŒํผ ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํžˆ ๋ฉ€๋ฆฌ ์œ„์น˜ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์™€์ „๋ฅ˜ ์†์‹ค์€ ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์—์„œ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋“ฏ์ด ํ”Œ๋ผ์ฆˆ๋งˆ ๋ฐ€๋„์™€ ์ฑ”๋ฒ„ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋” ํฌ๊ฒŒ ๋ฐ›๋Š”๋‹ค. ์™€์ „๋ฅ˜ ์†์‹ค์ด ๋ฌด์‹œ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ํ•˜๋ถ€ ์ „๊ทน์˜ ์œ„์น˜๋Š” ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ ์ œ์‹œ๋œ ๋‘ ํ‘œํ”ผ ๊ธธ์ด ์ค‘์— ์ž‘์€ ๊ธธ์ด์˜ 2.1๋ฐฐ ์ด์ƒ์ผ ๋•Œ์ž„์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, ์ฑ”๋ฒ„ ๊ธธ์ด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ „์ž ๋™์—ญํ•™์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ์€ ํ”Œ๋ผ์ฆˆ๋งˆ ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜ ์„น์…˜์—์„œ ์„ค๋ช…๋œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ์ฑ”๋ฒ„์˜ ๋ฐ˜๊ฒฝ๊ณผ ๊ธธ์ด๋ฅผ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ๋„์›€์ด ๋  ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ํ•˜๋‹จ ๋ฐ”์ด์–ด์Šค ์ „๊ทน์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ICP์—์„œ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ์ „๋ ฅ ์†์‹ค ๋ฐ ํ”Œ๋ผ์ฆˆ๋งˆ ํก์ˆ˜ ์ „๋ ฅ์„ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ๋„์›€์ด ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.

Acknowledgements

This work was supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF-2019M1A7A1A03087579, NRF-2021R1I1A1A01050312), the Ministry of Trade, Industry & Energy (20011226, 20007145, 20009415, 20010412, 20012609).

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์ €์ž์†Œ๊ฐœ

ํ™์˜ํ›ˆ (Young-Hun Hong)

Dept. of Electrical Engineering, Hanyang Univerity, Korea.

์žฅ์ด๋ž‘ (Yilang Jiang)

Dept. of Electrical Engineering, Hanyang Univerity, Korea.

๊น€์ฃผํ˜ธ (Ju Ho Kim)

Dept. of Electrical Engineering, Hanyang Univerity, Korea.