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  1. (Department of Energy Engineering, Daejin University, Korea.)



Planar transformer, High frequency dc-dc converter, efficiency, Power density, Arc welding machine

1. Introduction

์ตœ๊ทผ ์•„ํฌ์šฉ์ ‘๊ธฐ ๋“ฑ์˜ ์ค‘๋Œ€์šฉ๋Ÿ‰์˜ dc-dc ์ปจ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๋Š” ์‘์šฉ๋ถ„์•ผ์—์„œ ํšจ์œจ ๋ฐ ์ „๋ ฅ๋ฐ€๋„์˜ ํ–ฅ์ƒ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ํ™œ๋ฐœํžˆ ์ง„ํ–‰ ์ค‘์ด๋‹ค. ์ „๋ ฅ๋ฐ€๋„ ๋ฐ ํšจ์œจ์˜ ๊ฐœ์„ ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ SiC ๋ฐ GaN๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ WBG(Wide Band Gap) ๋ฐ˜๋„์ฒด ์†Œ์ž๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•œ ๊ณ ์† ์Šค์œ„์นญ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์ง„ํ–‰๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค(1)-(4). ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ˆ˜๋™์†Œ์ž์˜ ๊ฐœ์„ ์ด ๋” ์ด์ƒ ์–ด๋ ค์šด ์ƒํƒœ๊ฐ€ ๋˜์–ด ์ถ”๊ฐ€์ ์ธ ์ „๋ ฅ๋ฐ€๋„์˜ ํ–ฅ์ƒ์„ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ผ๋ฐ˜ ๊ถŒ์„  ๊ณ ์ฃผํŒŒ ๋ณ€์••๊ธฐ ๋Œ€์‹  ํ‰๋ฉด ๋ณ€์••๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰์ค‘์ด๋‹ค(5)-(9).

๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ํ˜•ํƒœ์˜ ํ‰๋ฉด๋ณ€์••๊ธฐ ์ค‘์—์„œ๋„ ์ธ์‡„ํšŒ๋กœ๊ธฐํŒ(PCB)์œผ๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์ง„ ํ‰๋ฉด๋ณ€์••๊ธฐ๋Š” ๊ถŒ์„ ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ์ผ๋ฐ˜ ๋ณด๋นˆํ˜• ๊ถŒ์„ ๋ณ€์••๊ธฐ์— ๋น„ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋” ๋†’์€ ์ •๋ฐ€๋„์™€ ๋งค๊ฐœ๋ณ€์ˆ˜์˜ ์ •ํ™•๋„๋กœ ๋ณ€์••๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ œ์กฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ธ์‡„ํšŒ๋กœ ๊ธฐํŒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋กœ ์ž๊ธฐ ์ฝ”์–ด ๋˜๋Š” ์ฝ”์–ด๊ฐ€ ์—†๋Š” ์œ ํ˜•์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ, PCB ์œ ํ˜• ํ‰๋ฉด๋ณ€์••๊ธฐ์˜ ์†์‹ค ๋ถ„์„, ์ตœ์ ํ™” ์„ค๊ณ„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฐ ๊ถŒ์„  ๋‚ด ์ปคํŒจ์‹œํ„ด์Šค๋ฅผ ์ค„์ด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ถŒ์„ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋“ฑ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๋ถ„์•ผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ํ™œ๋ฐœํžˆ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์กŒ๋‹ค(10)-(12). ๋‹ค๋งŒ, ์ธ์‡„ํšŒ๋กœ๊ธฐํŒ ํ˜•ํƒœ์˜ ํ‰๋ฉด๋ณ€์••๊ธฐ๋Š” ๋™์ผํ•œ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ธ๋•ํ„ด์Šค์˜ ๊ฐ’์ด ๋” ๋‚ฎ๊ฒŒ ์ œํ•œ๋˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๋†’์€ ์Šค์œ„์นญ ์ฃผํŒŒ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์•„ํฌ ์šฉ์ ‘๊ธฐ์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ณ ์ „์•• ๋ฐ ๋Œ€์ „๋ฅ˜ ์ŠคํŽ™์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋Š” ์‘์šฉ๋ถ„์•ผ์—์„œ๋Š” ์Šค์œ„์น˜์˜ ๋‚ด์••, ์ „๋ฅ˜์šฉ๋Ÿ‰์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋กœ ์ธํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ณ ์† ์Šค์œ„์นญ์— ์–ด๋ ค์›€์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์ธ์‡„ ํšŒ๋กœ ๊ธฐํŒ ์œ ํ˜•์˜ ํ‰๋ฉด๋ณ€์••๊ธฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ธฐ์กด์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์ฃผ๋กœ ๋…ธํŠธ๋ถ์ด๋‚˜ ๋””์Šคํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ด ๋“ฑ์— ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๋Š” ๋ณด์กฐ์ „์› ์žฅ์น˜์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ 2~500W ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ์†Œ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰ ๋ถ„์•ผ์—์„œ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค(13)-(19).

์ผ๋ถ€ ๋ถ„์•ผ์—์„œ 500W ์ด์ƒ์˜ ํ‰๋ฉด ๋ณ€์••๊ธฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋„ ์ง„ํ–‰๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. Kim K.H์˜ (20)์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” 1.5kW์˜ ํ•˜ํ”„ ๋ธŒ๋ฆฟ์ง€ LLC ์ปจ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ์šฉ ํ‰๋ฉด ๋ณ€์••๊ธฐ์˜ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๊ตฌ์กฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•˜์—ฌ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. EMI๋ฅผ ์ €๊ฐํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ํ˜•ํƒœ์˜ ํ‰๋ฉด ๋ณ€์••๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ œ์•ˆํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ด์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋ถ„์„์„ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. Adhistira M Naradhipa์˜ (21)์˜ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์—์„œ๋Š” GaN ๋ฐ˜๋„์ฒด ์†Œ์ž๋ฅผ ์ ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ 700kHz์˜ ์Šค์œ„์นญ ์ฃผํŒŒ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์„ ์ •ํ•˜์—ฌ 1.8kW ์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰์šฉ LDC์— ํ‰๋ฉด ๋ณ€์••๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ ์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์œ„์ƒ ์ฒœ์ด ํ’€ ๋ธŒ๋ฆฟ์ง€ ์ปจ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์•ˆ์ •์ ์ธ ๋™์ž‘์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜๊ณ  5.63kW/L์˜ ์ „๋ ฅ๋ฐ€๋„๋ฅผ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. M. K. Ranjram์˜ (22)์˜ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์—์„œ๋Š” 1MHz ์Šค์œ„์นญ์„ ์ ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ 1kW POL(Point Of Load) ์ปจ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ์šฉ ํ‰๋ฉด ๋ณ€์••๊ธฐ์˜ ์„ค๊ณ„ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ณ‘๋ ฌ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ์ ์šฉํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ ๋™์ผํ•œ ์ „๋ ฅ ์ˆ˜์ค€์˜ ๋ณ€์••๊ธฐ ๋ณด๋‹ค 12~36%์˜ ์ „๋ ฅ๋ฐ€๋„์˜ ๊ฐœ์„ ๊ณผ 97.7%์˜ ์ตœ๊ณ ํšจ์œจ์„ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์•ž์„œ ์–ธ๊ธ‰ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ์ค‘๋Œ€์šฉ๋Ÿ‰์˜ ํ‰๋ฉด๋ณ€์••๊ธฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์•„์ง๊นŒ์ง€ ๋ฏธ๋น„ํ•œ ์ƒํ™ฉ์œผ๋กœ ์ค‘๋Œ€์šฉ๋Ÿ‰์˜ dc-dc ์ปจ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ์˜ ํšจ์œจ ๋ฐ ์ „๋ ฅ๋ฐ€๋„ ๊ฐœ์„ ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค.

Fig. 1. Series phase shifted full bridge converter

../../Resources/kiee/KIEE.2022.71.12.1780/fig1.png

Table 1. DC-DC Converters Specification

$V_{in}$

400 ~ 800

[V]

Fsw

100

[$k_{Hz}$]

$_{Vout}$

30

[V]

$P_{out}$

10000

[W]

$I_{out}$

333.3

[A]

๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์—์„œ๋Š” 10kW๊ธ‰ ์•„ํฌ ์šฉ์ ‘๊ธฐ์šฉ ์ธ์‡„ ํšŒ๋กœ๊ธฐํŒ ์œ ํ˜•์˜ ํ‰๋ฉด ๋ณ€์••๊ธฐ์˜ ์„ค๊ณ„ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์— ๋Œ€ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ค‘๋Œ€์šฉ๋Ÿ‰์˜ ํ‰๋ฉด ๋ณ€์••๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ „๋ ฅ๋ฐ€๋„, ํšจ์œจ, ๋ฐœ์—ด์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•œ ์„ค๊ณ„ ๋‚ด์šฉ์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์„ค๊ณ„ ๋‚ด์šฉ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํƒ€๋‹น์„ฑ์„ ๊ฒ€์ฆํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ผ๋ฐ˜ ๊ถŒ์„  ๋ณ€์••๊ธฐ, ๊ถŒ์„ ํ˜• ํ‰๋ฉด ๋ณ€์••๊ธฐ, ์ธ์‡„ ํšŒ๋กœ๊ธฐํŒํ˜• ํ‰๋ฉด ๋ณ€์••๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์„ค๊ณ„ ๋ฐ ์ œ์ž‘ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ ์œ ํ•œ ์š”์†Œ ๋ถ„์„(FEM) ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์„ ํ†ตํ•œ ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜ ๋ฐ ์‹คํ—˜์„ ํ†ตํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ธฐ์กด ๊ถŒ์„  ๋ณ€์••๊ธฐ์™€ ํšจ์œจ, ์ „๋ ฅ๋ฐ€๋„, ๋ฐœ์—ด ์ธก๋ฉด์—์„œ ๋น„๊ต ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.

2. Design Approach of Planar Transformer

์ค‘๋Œ€์šฉ๋Ÿ‰์˜ ์ „๋ ฅ๋ณ€ํ™˜์žฅ์น˜์˜ ๊ณ ์ „์••, ๋Œ€์ „๋ฅ˜ ํŠน์„ฑ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ MOSFET์„ ์ ์šฉ์—๋Š” ์–ด๋ ค์›€์ด ์กด์žฌํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ํšจ์œจ ๋ฐ ๋ฐœ์—ด ๋“ฑ์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 1๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ์ง๋ ฌ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ ํ˜•ํƒœ์˜ ํ’€ ๋ธŒ๋ฆฟ์ง€ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ์„ ํƒํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, ์†์‹ค์˜ ๊ฐœ์„ ์„ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์†Œํ”„ํŠธ ์Šค์œ„์นญ์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ์œ„์ƒ ์ฒœ์ด ๋ฐฉ์‹์„ ์ ์šฉํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ด๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์•ˆ์ •์ ์ธ ZVS(Zero Voltage Switching) ๋™์ž‘์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๋„๋ก ๋ณ€์••๊ธฐ์˜ ๋ˆ„์„ค ์ธ๋•ํ„ด์Šค๋ฅผ ์„ค๊ณ„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, ๋Œ€์ „๋ฅ˜ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์˜ 2์ฐจ ์ธก ์†์‹ค์˜ ์ตœ์†Œํ™”ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์„ผํ„ฐ ํƒญ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋ฅผ ์„ ํƒํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ „์ฒด ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์˜ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ ํŒŒ๋ผ๋ฏธํ„ฐ๋Š” ํ‘œ 1๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค.

2.1 Design Process for a High Frequency Transformer

์ธ์‡„ ํšŒ๋กœ ๊ธฐํŒํ˜• ํ‰๋ฉด ๋ณ€์••๊ธฐ์˜ ์„ค๊ณ„ ์ ˆ์ฐจ๋Š” ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ๊ถŒ์„  ๋ณ€์••๊ธฐ์˜ ์„ค๊ณ„ ์ ˆ์ฐจ์™€ ์œ ์‚ฌํ•œ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋กœ ์ง„ํ–‰๋œ๋‹ค. ์ „๋ ฅ๋ณ€ํ™˜ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์˜ ์ „์•• ์ „๋‹ฌ ๋น„์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๊ถŒ์„ ๋น„๊ฐ€ ๊ฒฐ์ •๋˜๊ณ  ์ ์šฉ๋˜๋Š” ํ† ํด๋กœ์ง€์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ์žํ™” ์ธ๋•ํ„ด์Šค ๋ฐ ๋ˆ„์„ค ์ธ๋•ํ„ด์Šค๊ฐ€ ์„ค๊ณ„๋œ๋‹ค. PSFB(Phase Shifted Full Bridge) dc-dc ์ปจ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ตœ์†Œ ์ž…๋ ฅ ์ „์•• ๋ฐ ์ตœ๋Œ€ ์ถœ๋ ฅ์ „๋ ฅ ์กฐ๊ฑด์—์„œ ์ถœ๋ ฅ์ „์••์„ ์œ ์ง€ํ•˜๋„๋ก ์„ค๊ณ„ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. PSFB dc-dc ์ปจ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ๋Š” ์œ„์ƒ ์ฒœ์ด์— ์˜ํ•ด ๋ณ€์••๊ธฐ A-B ์–‘๋‹จ์— ๋“€ํ‹ฐ D์˜ ๊ตฌ๊ฐ„ ๋™์•ˆ Vi์œผ๋กœ ํ‘œํ˜„๋˜๋Š” ์ž…๋ ฅ์ „์••์ด ์ถœ๋ ฅ๋˜๊ณ  ๊ทธ ์™ธ ๊ตฌ๊ฐ„์—์„œ๋Š” 0์ด ์ถœ๋ ฅ๋œ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ PSFB dc-dc ์ปจ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ํ’€ ๋ธŒ๋ฆฟ์ง€ ์ปจ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ์™€๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ๊ณต์ง„ ์ธ๋•ํ„ฐ์— ์˜ํ•œ ๊ณต์ง„ ์ „๋ฅ˜์˜ ๊ทน์„ฑ ์ „ํ™˜ ๋ฐ 2์ฐจ ์ธก ๋‹ค์ด์˜ค๋“œ ํ™˜๋ฅ˜ ๋™์ž‘์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ณ€์••๊ธฐ์— 0์ „์••์ด ๊ฑธ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ตฌ๊ฐ„์ด ์ถ”๊ฐ€์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ๋“€ํ‹ฐ ์†์‹ค $D_{loss}$๋กœ ํ‘œํ˜„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. $D_{loss}$์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ถœ๋ ฅ์ „์••์— ์ง์ ‘์ ์ธ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ฃผ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๋ณ€์••๊ธฐ์˜ ํ„ด ๋น„ ์„ ์ • ์‹œ ๋ฐ˜๋“œ์‹œ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ 2์ฐจ ์ธก ์ •๋ฅ˜ ๋‹ค์ด์˜ค๋“œ์˜ ์ˆœ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ ์ „์•• VF์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ๋„ ๊ฐ™์ด ๊ณ ๋ ค๋˜์–ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์ด ๋•Œ ์ถœ๋ ฅ์ „์••์€ ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.

(1)
$V_{o}= V_{i}\dfrac{N_{s}}{N_{p}}D_{eff}= V_{i}\dfrac{N_{s}}{N_{p}}(D-D_{loss})-V_{f}$

์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ, $D_{loss}$๋Š” ๋“€ํ‹ฐ ์†์‹ค, $N_{P}$๋Š” ์†ก์‹ ์ธก ํ„ด ์ˆ˜, $N_{S}$๋Š” ์ˆ˜์‹ ์ธก ํ„ด ์ˆ˜, $V_{o}$๋Š” ์ถœ๋ ฅ์ „์••์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ธ๋‹ค. ๋“€ํ‹ฐ ์†์‹ค์€ ๊ณต์ง„ ์ธ๋•ํ„ด์Šค $L_{R}$, ์ž…๋ ฅ์ „์•• $V_{i}$, ์ถœ๋ ฅ ์ „๋ฅ˜ $I_{o}$ ๋ฐ ์Šค์œ„์นญ ์ฃผํŒŒ์ˆ˜ Fsw์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ (2), (3) ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.

(2)
$D_{loss}=2I_{o}\dfrac{N_{s}}{N_{p}}\dfrac{L_{R}}{V_{i}}F_{sw}$

(3)
$L_{R}= L_{r}+L_{lk}$

์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ, ๋ˆ„์„ค ์ธ๋•ํ„ด์Šค์— ํ•ด๋‹นํ•˜๋Š” $L_{lk}$์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋Š” ์Šค์œ„์น˜ ๋‚ด๋ถ€ ๊ธฐ์ƒ ์ปคํŒจ์‹œํ„ด์Šค์™€ ๊ณต์ง„์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜์—ฌ ์ˆ˜์‹ (4)์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋ˆ„์„ค ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ $E_{lk}$์™€ ์Šค์œ„์น˜ ๊ธฐ์ƒ ์ปคํŒจ์‹œํ„ฐ์˜ ์ €์žฅ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ $E_{C.SW}$ ์•ˆ์ •์ ์ธ ZVS๋™์ž‘์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๋„๋ก ์„ค๊ณ„ํ•˜์—ฌ์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค.

(4)
$E_{lk}> E_{c.sw}$

๋˜ํ•œ, PSFB dc-dc ์ปจ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ์˜ ๋™์ž‘ ์›๋ฆฌ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๋“€ํ‹ฐ๋ฅผ ์ž‘๊ฒŒ ์„ค๊ณ„ํ•˜๋ฉด ํ• ์ˆ˜๋ก ๋ฌดํšจ ์ „๋ ฅ ์ „๋‹ฌ ๊ตฌ๊ฐ„์ด ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๋™์ผ ์ „๋ ฅ์„ ์ „๋‹ฌํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ์ „๋ฅ˜ ํฌ๊ธฐ์˜ ์ฆ๊ฐ€๋กœ ๋„ํ†ต ์†์‹ค ๋ฐ ์Šค์œ„์นญ ์†์‹ค์ด ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์†์‹ค์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•œ ์ตœ์  ๋“€ํ‹ฐ์™€ ๊ทธ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ํ„ด ๋น„ ์„ค๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค.

ํ„ด ๋น„๊ฐ€ ์ •ํ•ด์ง€๋ฉด ๋ณ€์••๊ธฐ์˜ ์ฝ”์–ด ๋ฐ ๊ถŒ์„ ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์„ค๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค. ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ์ฝ”์–ด์˜ ์„ค๊ณ„๋Š” ๋™์ž‘ ์ฃผํŒŒ์ˆ˜ ๋ฐ ์ „๋ ฅ์ „๋‹ฌ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์„ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์œผ๋กœ ์„ค๊ณ„๋œ๋‹ค. ์„ค๊ณ„๋œ ํ„ด ๋น„๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ํ„ด ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์„ค์ •ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ •๊ฒฉ ๋™์ž‘์กฐ๊ฑด์—์„œ ๋ณ€์••๊ธฐ์˜ ์ตœ๋Œ€ ์ž์† ๋ฐ€๋„ $B_{max}$๋ฅผ ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ์ˆ˜์‹ (5)์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ณ„์‚ฐํ•œ๋‹ค.

(5)
$B_{\max}=\dfrac{V_{i}D_{eff}}{4N_{p}A_{e}f_{sw}}$

์„ ์ •๋œ ์ฝ”์–ด์˜ ์ž์†๋ฐ€๋„์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๋™์† ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋™์ž‘ ์ฃผํŒŒ์ˆ˜์—์„œ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ๋™์†์„ ์ˆ˜์‹ (6)์„ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ณ„์‚ฐํ•˜๊ณ  ์ฝ”์–ด์˜ ํ„ด ๋‹น ํ‰๊ท  ๊ธธ์ด MLT(Mean Length per Turn length), ์†ก์‹ ์ธก ์ „๋ฅ˜ IPRMS, ์ˆ˜์‹ ์ธก์ „๋ฅ˜ ISRMS, ๊ถŒ์„ ์˜ ๋‹จ๋ฉด์  A ๋ฐ ๋„์ „์œจ ฯ๋ฅผ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜์—ฌ ์ˆ˜์‹ (7)๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ๋™์† PW์„ ๊ตฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ๊ธฐํƒ€ ์†์‹ค Petc๊นŒ์ง€ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ณ€์••๊ธฐ ์ „์ฒด ์†์‹ค PT๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜์‹ (8)๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ•ด๋‹น ๋‚ด์šฉ์„ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ์„ ์ •๋œ ์ฝ”์–ด์˜ ์ฒด์ ๊ณผ ๋ฐœ์—ด์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์ตœ์ข… ํ„ด ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์„ ์ •๋œ๋‹ค.

(6)
$P_{c}= P_{cv}\times V_{e}$

(7)
$P_w=I_{p r m o}^2 \rho \frac{N_p \times M L T}{A}+2 I_{o r m_0}^2 \rho \frac{N_0 \times M L T}{A}$

(8)
$P_{T}=P_{C}+P_{W}+P_{etc}$

Fig. 2. Pin Connect Type Transformer Heating Points

../../Resources/kiee/KIEE.2022.71.12.1780/fig2.png

Fig. 3. Suggested Planar Transformer Connection

../../Resources/kiee/KIEE.2022.71.12.1780/fig3.png

2.2 Design Approcach of the Proposed Planar Transformer

๋ณ€์••๊ธฐ์˜ ์ฝ”์–ด๋ฅผ ์„ ์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์€ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ๊ถŒ์„  ๋ณ€์••๊ธฐ์™€ PCB ์œ ํ˜•์˜ ํ‰๋ฉด๋ณ€์••๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋™์ผํ•œ ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ์„ ์ •๋œ๋‹ค. ๋‹ค๋งŒ, ์•„ํฌ ์šฉ์ ‘๊ธฐ์šฉ PSFB dc-dc ์ปจ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๋Œ€์ „๋ฅ˜ ํŠน์„ฑ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ถŒ์„ ์˜ ๋‘๊ป˜๊ฐ€ ๊ตต์–ด์ง„๋‹ค. ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ์žํ™”์ธ๋•ํ„ด์Šค์˜ ํ„ด ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๊ตฌํ˜„ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ๋ณด๋‹ค ํฐ ์‚ฌ์ด์ฆˆ์˜ ์ฝ”์–ด๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ๊ถŒ์„  ๋ณ€์••๊ธฐ์˜ ํŠน์„ฑ์ƒ ์ฝ”์–ด์˜ ์ฐฝ๋ฉด์ ์˜ ํ™œ์šฉ๋ฅ ์ด 40~60% ์ˆ˜์ค€์œผ๋กœ ์ตœ์ ํ™”๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์ง€ ์•Š์•„ ๋ณ€์••๊ธฐ์˜ ๋ถ€ํ”ผ๊ฐ€ ์ปค์ง€๋Š” ๋‹จ์ ์ด ์กด์žฌํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด์— ์ธ์‡„ ํšŒ๋กœ๊ธฐํŒ ์œ ํ˜•์˜ ๋ณ€์••๊ธฐ๋Š” ์ฐฝ๋ฉด์ ์˜ ํ™œ์šฉ๋„๊ฐ€ ๋†’๊ณ  ๊ถŒ์„ ์˜ ์ž์œ ๋„๊ฐ€ ๋†’์•„ ๋ณ€์••๊ธฐ์˜ ๋ถ€ํ”ผ๋ฅผ ๊ฐœ์„ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.

์ธ์‡„ ํšŒ๋กœ ๊ธฐํŒํ˜• ๋ณ€์••๊ธฐ๋Š” ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ธต๊ฐ„ ๊ถŒ์„ ์„ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐํ•˜๊ณ  ์ ‘ํ•ฉํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋น„์•„, ์Šค๋ฃจํ™€ ๋˜๋Š” ํ•€ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ ๋ฐฉ์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์€ ์†Œ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰ ์ „๋ ฅ๋ณ€ํ™˜ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์—์„œ๋Š” ํฐ ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์—†์œผ๋‚˜, ์ค‘๋Œ€์šฉ๋Ÿ‰ ์ด์ƒ์˜ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ข์•„์ง€๋Š” ์ „๋ฅ˜ ํŒจ์Šค๋กœ ์ธํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฐœ์—ด์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, ์ ‘ํ•ฉ๋ถ€์—์„œ๋Š” ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ์—ด๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ๋…ธํ›„ํ™” ๋ฐ ์†Œ์†์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜์—ฌ ์ ‘์ด‰๋ถ€์˜ ์‹ ๋ขฐ์„ฑ์ด ํ˜„์ €ํžˆ ์ €ํ•˜๋œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 2๋Š” PCB ๊ถŒ์„ ์—์„œ ํ•€์œผ๋กœ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋œ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์„ ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌํ˜„ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฒฝ๋กœ๊ฐ€ ์ข์•„์ง€๋Š” ๋ถ€๋ถ„์—์„œ ์—ด์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.

์ด๋ฅผ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ธฐ์กด ๋ฐฉ์‹๊ณผ ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ ์ธต๊ฐ„ ์šฉ์ ‘์ด ํ•„์š” ์—†๋Š” ํ‰๋ฉด/์‹ฌ๋ฆฌ์Šค 3์ฐจ์› ๊ถŒ์„  ๋ฐฉ์‹์„ ์ ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ ‘์ด‰๋ฉด์ ์˜ ์‹ ๋ขฐ์„ฑ์„ ํ–ฅ์ƒ์‹œ์ผฐ๋‹ค. ๋Œ€์ „๋ฅ˜ ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 3๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด 10oz ์ด์ƒ์˜ ํ—ค๋น„์นดํŒŒ์— ์–‘๋ฉด PCB ๊ถŒ์„  ๋ฐฉ์‹์„ ์ ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ „๋ฅ˜๊ฐ€ ์•ˆ์ •์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ๋กœ๋ฅผ ํ™•๋ณดํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์—ด๊ณผ ์†์‹ค ์ธก๋ฉด์—์„œ ์•ˆ์ •์ ์ธ ๋™์ž‘์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๋„๋ก ์„ค๊ณ„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.

3. Simulation Study

3.1 Development of FEM analysis model

์•ž์„œ ์–ธ๊ธ‰ํ•œ ๋‚ด์šฉ์„ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ์ผ๋ฐ˜ ๊ถŒ์„  ๋ณ€์••๊ธฐ์™€ ํ‰๋ฉด๋ณ€์••๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์„ค๊ณ„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๋ณ€์••๊ธฐ๋ณ„ ์ฝ”์–ด ์‚ฌ์–‘๊ณผ ์ฝ”์–ด ์žฌ์งˆ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ •๋ณด๋Š” ํ‘œ 2๊ณผ 3์— ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „๋ ฅ ๋ฐ€๋„์˜ ๊ฐœ์„ ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋น„๊ต๊ตฐ์œผ๋กœ ์ผ๋ฐ˜ ๊ถŒ์„  ๋ณ€์••๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์„ ์ •ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ  ์ฝ”์–ด ๋ณ€ํ™”์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋‚ด์šฉ์„ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์†ก์‹ ์ธก์—๋Š” ์ผ๋ฐ˜ ๊ถŒ์„ , ์ˆ˜์‹ ์ธก์—๋Š” ํ‰๋ฉด ํ˜•ํƒœ๋ฅผ ์ ์šฉํ•œ ๋ณ€์••๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ œ์ž‘ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์—์„œ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜๋Š” ์ธ์‡„ ํšŒ๋กœ ๊ธฐํŒํ˜• ๋ณ€์••๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ œ์ž‘ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ด ์„ธ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋ณ€์••๊ธฐ ํ˜•ํƒœ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋น„๊ต๋ฅผ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.

Table 2.ransformer Core Specification

Core

EE9874

EE6565

W ร— H ร— D

[mm]

98 ร— 37 ร— 68

65.15 ร— 32.5 ร— 27

Core Effective Length

[mm]

183.70

147.00

Core Effective Area

[mm2]

1431.7

535.50

Core Volume

[mm3]

263040

78710

Table 3. Main Specifications of Ferrite Material

Ferrite Material

MTB1

PM16

Permeability

[ฮผ, @25โ„ƒ, 100kHz]

3400

3400

Resistivity

[ฮฉm]

6

7

Curie Temperature

[โ„ƒ]

โ‰ฅ230

โ‰ฅ230

Mass Density

[kgm-3]

4800

4900

Core loss

[kWm-3, @25โ„ƒ, 200mT]

390

305

Fig. 4. Conventional Transformer Simulation Model

../../Resources/kiee/KIEE.2022.71.12.1780/fig4.png

Fig. 5. Wirewound Planar Transformer Simulation Model

../../Resources/kiee/KIEE.2022.71.12.1780/fig5.png

๊ทธ๋ฆผ. 6. PCB Type Planar Transformer Simulation model

../../Resources/kiee/KIEE.2022.71.12.1780/fig6.png

์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋œ ๋ณ€์••๊ธฐ์˜ 3D FEM ๋ฉ”์‰ฌ ๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 4~6์— ๋„์‹œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ชจ๋ธ์˜ ์ „์ฒด ๋ฉ”์‰ฌ์˜ ์ˆ˜๋Š” 300,000๊ฐœ ์ด์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜ ์‹œ๊ฐ„๊ณผ ์ •ํ™•๋„๋ฅผ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜์—ฌ ์„ค์ •ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํ•ด๋‹น ๋ณ€์••๊ธฐ ๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์œผ๋กœ ์•„ํฌ ์šฉ์ ‘๊ธฐ์šฉ PSFB dc-dc ์ปจ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ์˜ ์ŠคํŽ™์— ๋งž์ถฐ ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ˆ˜์‹์„ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ FEM ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜ ํˆด์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ฝ”์–ด์˜ ๊ฐ ๋ฉด๊ณผ ๋ณผ๋ฅจ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ฒ ์†๊ณผ ๊ถŒ์„ ์— ์˜ํ•œ ๋™์†์˜ ๊ณ„์‚ฐ์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, FEM ๋ชจ๋ธ๋ง์€ ํˆด์˜ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ฐ ๋ณ€์••๊ธฐ์˜ ์žฌ์งˆ์˜ B-H ๊ณก์„ ์˜ ๋น„์„ ํ˜•์„ฑ๋„ ๋ฐ˜์˜๋˜๋„๋ก ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.

3.2 Simulation Results

์ผ๋ฐ˜ ๊ถŒ์„  ๋ณ€์••๊ธฐ, ๊ถŒ์„ ํ˜• ํ‰๋ฉด ๋ณ€์••๊ธฐ, ์ธ์‡„ ํšŒ๋กœ ๊ธฐํŒํ˜• ํ‰๋ฉด ๋ณ€์••๊ธฐ ๊ฐ๊ฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ž๊ธฐ๋ ฅ์„  ๋ถ„ํฌ, ์ž๊ธฐํฌํ™”, ์˜จ๋„ํฌํ™”, ์†์‹ค์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์„ธ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋ณ€์••๊ธฐ ๋ชจ๋‘ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ๋™์ž‘์˜์—ญ์—์„œ ํฌํ™”๋˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ์ •์ƒ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋™์ž‘๋˜๋„๋ก ๋ชจ๋“  ์กฐ๊ฑด์„ ํ†ต์ œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.

๊ทธ๋ฆผ 7๊ณผ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 8์€ ๋ถ€ํ•˜๋Ÿ‰ ๋ณ€ํ™”์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๊ฐ ๋ณ€์••๊ธฐ์˜ ๋™์† ๊ทธ๋ž˜ํ”„์ด๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๋ณ€์••๊ธฐ ๋ณ„๋กœ ์†ก์‹ ์ธก์—์„œ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ๋™์†๊ณผ ์ˆ˜์‹ ์ธก์—์„œ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋Š” ๋™์†์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค€๋‹ค. ์ผ๋ฐ˜ ๊ถŒ์„ ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๋ณ€์••๊ธฐ์˜ ์†์‹ค ์ฆ๊ฐ€์œจ์ด ํฐ ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ™•์ธ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ, ๋ชจ์˜์‹คํ—˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์—์„œ ๋ณด์ด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ์ผ๋ฐ˜ ๊ถŒ์„  ๋ณ€์••๊ธฐ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ •๊ฒฉ ๋ถ€ํ•˜๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ์ค€์œผ๋กœ ์†ก์‹ ์ธก ์—์„œ๋Š” 126.56W์˜ ๋™์†์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ˆ˜์‹ ์ธก์—์„œ๋Š” 498.23W์˜ ๋™์†์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜์—ฌ ์ด 624.79W์˜ ์†์‹ค์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ถŒ์„ ํ˜• ํ‰๋ฉด ๋ณ€์••๊ธฐ๋Š” ์†ก์‹ ์ธก ์—์„œ๋Š” 110.94W์˜ ๋™์†์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ˆ˜์‹ ์ธก์—์„œ๋Š” 387.12W์˜ ๋™์†์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜์—ฌ ์ด 498.06W์˜ ์†์‹ค์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ผ๋ฐ˜ ๊ถŒ์„  ๋ณ€์••๊ธฐ์™€ ๊ถŒ์„ ํ˜• ํ‰๋ฉด ๋ณ€์••๊ธฐ์˜ ์†ก์‹ ์ธก์€ ๋™์ผํ•œ ์™€์ด์–ด๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋‚˜ ์ˆ˜์‹  ์ธก์ด ์ผ๋ฐ˜ ์™€์ด์–ด์ธ ์ผ๋ฐ˜ ๊ถŒ์„  ๋ณ€์••๊ธฐ๋Š” 6ํ„ด์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋˜๊ณ  ๊ถŒ์„ ํ˜• ํ‰๋ฉด ๋ณ€์••๊ธฐ๋Š” 4ํ„ด์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋˜์–ด ํ„ด ๋น„์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์†ก์‹ ์ธก ํ„ด ์ˆ˜ ์ฐจ์ด๋กœ ์ธํ•˜์—ฌ ๋™์†์˜ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ํŒ๋‹จ๋œ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, ์ˆ˜์‹  ์ธก์€ ์ผ๋ฐ˜ ๊ถŒ์„  ๋ณ€์••๊ธฐ์—์„œ ํ‰๋ฉด ํ˜•ํƒœ๋กœ ๋ณ€๊ฒฝ๋˜๋ฉด์„œ 111W์˜ ์†์‹ค์ด ์ €๊ฐ๋œ ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ธ์‡„ ํšŒ๋กœ ๊ธฐํŒํ˜•ํƒœ์˜ ๋ณ€์••๊ธฐ๋Š” ์†ก์‹ ์ธก ๋™์† 63.55W๋กœ ์ผ๋ฐ˜ ๊ถŒ์„  ๋ณ€์••๊ธฐ๋ณด๋‹ค 63๊ฐ€ ์ €๊ฐ๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ˆ˜์‹ ์ธก์€ ๊ถŒ์„ ํ˜• ํ‰๋ฉด ๋ณ€์••๊ธฐ์™€ ๋™์ผํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ๋™์† ์ €๊ฐ์˜ ์ด์œ ๋Š” ํ‰๋ฉด ๋ณ€์••๊ธฐ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ์ค„์–ด๋“  ํ„ด ์ˆ˜ ๋ฐ ๋„์„ ์˜ ์ €ํ•ญ์„ฑ๋ถ„์˜ ๊ฐœ์„ ์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ์œผ๋กœ ํŒ๋‹จ๋œ๋‹ค.

Fig. 7. Primary Iron Loss according to the Load

../../Resources/kiee/KIEE.2022.71.12.1780/fig7.png

Fig. 8. Secondary Iron Loss According to the Load

../../Resources/kiee/KIEE.2022.71.12.1780/fig8.png

๊ทธ๋ฆผ 9๋Š” ์ฒ ์†์„ ํฌํ•จํ•œ ๋ณ€์••๊ธฐ์˜ ์ „์ฒด ์†์‹ค์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ฒ ์†์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ธ์‡„ ํšŒ๋กœ ๊ธฐํŒํ˜• ๋ณ€์••๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜๋จธ์ง€ ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ํ˜•ํƒœ์˜ ๋ณ€์••๊ธฐ๋ณด๋‹ค ์ž‘๊ฒŒ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ์ธ์‡„ ํšŒ๋กœ ๊ธฐํŒํ˜• ๋ณ€์••๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๊ถŒ์„  ๋‘๊ป˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ œํ•œ์ด ์ ์–ด ์ฝ”์–ด ์†์‹ค์ด ์ž‘์€ ์ฝ”์–ด๋ฅผ ์ ์šฉ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์ด๋‹ค. ์ฒ ์†์€ ์ฒ ์‹ฌ์˜ ๋‘๊ป˜์™€ ์žฌ๋ฃŒ์˜ ์ €ํ•ญ๋ฅ ์— ์˜ํ•ด ๊ฒฐ์ •๋˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๋ณด๋‹ค ์ž‘์€ ์‚ฌ์ด์ฆˆ์˜ ์ฝ”์–ด๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ํžˆ์Šคํ…Œ๋ฆฌ์‹œ์Šค ์†์‹ค ๋ฐ ์™€์ „๋ฅ˜ ์†์‹ค ์ €๊ฐ์— ์œ ๋ฆฌํ•˜๋‹ค. ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ์ •๊ฒฉ ์กฐ๊ฑด์„ ๊ธฐ์ค€์œผ๋กœ ์ผ๋ฐ˜ ๊ถŒ์„  ๋ณ€์••๊ธฐ์˜ ์ „์ฒด ์†์‹ค์€ 802.23W, ๊ถŒ์„ ํ˜• ํ‰๋ฉด ๋ณ€์••๊ธฐ๋Š” 622.57W, ์ธ์‡„ ํšŒ๋กœ ๊ธฐํŒํ˜• ํ‰๋ฉด๋ณ€์••๊ธฐ๋Š” 548.46W๋กœ ์ผ๋ฐ˜ ๊ถŒ์„  ๋ณ€์••๊ธฐ์— ๋น„ํ•˜์—ฌ 253.77W์˜ ์†์‹ค ์ €๊ฐ ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ์ „์ฒด ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์„ ๊ธฐ์ค€์œผ๋กœ ์•ฝ 2.5%์ด๋‹ค.

Fig. 9. Total Loss According to the Load

../../Resources/kiee/KIEE.2022.71.12.1780/fig9.png

๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 10์€ ๋ถ€ํ•˜์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๊ฐ ๋ณ€์••๊ธฐ์˜ ์˜จ๋„ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ธ ๊ทธ๋ž˜ํ”„์ด๋‹ค. ์ƒ์˜จ 25โ„ƒ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ์ค€์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜์—ฌ ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜์„ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ ์˜จ๋„๊ฐ€ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋Š” ์–‘์ƒ์ด ๋ณ€์••๊ธฐ์˜ ์†์‹ค๊ณผ ๋™์ผ ํ•œ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋กœ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ผ๋ฐ˜ ๊ถŒ์„  ๋ณ€์••๊ธฐ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ตœ๊ณ  ์˜จ๋„๊ฐ€ 136โ„ƒ๋กœ 0.13โ„ƒ/W์˜ ์˜จ๋„ ์ƒ์Šน์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋ƒˆ๋‹ค. ์ธ์‡„ ํšŒ๋กœ ๊ธฐํŒํ˜• ํ‰๋ฉด๋ณ€์••๊ธฐ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ 94โ„ƒ๋กœ 0.15โ„ƒ/W์˜ ์˜จ๋„ ์ƒ์Šน์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐฉ์—ด ์„ฑ๋Šฅ ์ธก๋ฉด์—์„œ๋Š” ํ‘œ๋ฉด์ ์ด ๋” ๋„“์€ ์ผ๋ฐ˜ ๊ถŒ์„  ๋ณ€์••๊ธฐ์˜๊ฐ€ ์œ ๋ฆฌํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋‚˜ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ์†์‹ค์˜ ์ฐจ์ด๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ์ตœ๊ณ  ์˜จ๋„์—์„œ 40โ„ƒ์˜ ์˜จ๋„ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ™•์ธ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ฃผ ๋ฐœ์—ด ํฌ์ธํŠธ๋Š” ์„ธ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋ณ€์••๊ธฐ ๋ชจ๋‘ ์ฝ”์–ด์™€ ์ธ์ ‘ํ•œ 2์ฐจ ์ธก ๊ถŒ์„ ์—์„œ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค.

Fig. 10. Transformer Temperature According to Load

../../Resources/kiee/KIEE.2022.71.12.1780/fig10.png

4. Experimental Results

4.1 Experiment Setup

์ œ์•ˆํ•œ ์„ค๊ณ„ ๊ธฐ๋ฒ• ๋ฐ ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜์˜ ํƒ€๋‹น์„ฑ์„ ๊ฒ€์ฆํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ผ๋ฐ˜ ๊ถŒ์„  ๋ณ€์••๊ธฐ, ๊ถŒ์„ ํ˜• ํ‰๋ฉด ๋ณ€์••๊ธฐ, ์ธ์‡„ ํšŒ๋กœ ๊ธฐํŒํ˜• ํ‰๋ฉด ๋ณ€์••๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 11~13์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ์ œ์ž‘ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ  ํšจ์œจ, ์ „๋ ฅ๋ฐ€๋„, ๋ฐœ์—ด ๋น„๊ตํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๋ณ€์••๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ ์šฉํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ํ”„๋กœํ†  ์œ ํ˜•์˜ 10kW ์•„ํฌ ์šฉ์ ‘๊ธฐ์šฉ PSFB dc-dc ์ปจ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 14์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ์ œ์ž‘ํ•˜์—ฌ ์‹คํ—˜์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ œ์ž‘๋œ ๋ณ€์••๊ธฐ์˜ ์ „๋ ฅ๋ฐ€๋„๋ฅผ ํ™•์ธํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ์ผ๋ฐ˜ ๊ถŒ์„  ๋ณ€์••๊ธฐ๋Š” 0.129W/cm3, ๊ถŒ์„ ํ˜• ํ‰๋ฉด ๋ณ€์••๊ธฐ๋Š” 0.237W/cm3, ์ธ์‡„ ํšŒ๋กœ ๊ธฐํŒํ˜• ํ‰๋ฉด๋ณ€์••๊ธฐ๋Š” 0.264W/cm3๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋œ ์™€์ด์–ด ๋ฐ ์ฝ”์–ด์˜ ์ฐจ์ด์— ์˜ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ฉฐ ์ธ์‡„ ํšŒ๋กœ ๊ธฐํŒํ˜• ํ‰๋ฉด๋ณ€์••๊ธฐ์˜ ์ „๋ ฅ ๋ฐ€๋„๊ฐ€ ์ผ๋ฐ˜ ๊ถŒ์„  ๋ณ€์••๊ธฐ์— ๋น„ํ•ด 204% ํ–ฅ์ƒ๋œ ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.

Fig. 11. Conventional Transformer

../../Resources/kiee/KIEE.2022.71.12.1780/fig11.png

Fig. 12. Wirewound Planar Type Transformer

../../Resources/kiee/KIEE.2022.71.12.1780/fig12.png

Fig. 13. PCB Type Planar Type Transformer

../../Resources/kiee/KIEE.2022.71.12.1780/fig13.png

Fig. 14. Experimental Setup

../../Resources/kiee/KIEE.2022.71.12.1780/fig14.png

4.2 Experimental Results

๋™์ผํ•œ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์˜ ํ…Œ์ŠคํŠธ๋ฒ ๋“œ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์œผ๋กœ ์„ธ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์œ ํ˜•์˜ ๋ณ€์••๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ๊ฐ ๊ต์ฒดํ•˜์—ฌ ์‹คํ—˜์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ง๋ ฌ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋œ PSFB dc-dc ์ปจ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ์—์„œ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ์ „๋ฅ˜ ๋ถˆ๊ท ํ˜•์„ ๋ฐฉ์ง€ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋ฐธ๋Ÿฐ์‹ฑ ์ฝ”์–ด๋ฅผ ์ ์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.

๋ณ€์••๊ธฐ์˜ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ์„ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ „๋ ฅ๋ถ„์„๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ํšจ์œจ์‹œํ—˜์„ ์‹ค์‹œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ „ ๋ถ€ํ•˜ ์˜์—ญ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด 10% ๋‹จ์œ„๋กœ ์ธก์ •ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 15์— ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์„ธ ๋ณ€์••๊ธฐ ๋ชจ๋‘ 60% ๋ถ€ํ•˜์—์„œ ์ตœ๋Œ€ ํšจ์œจ์„ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ์ผ๋ฐ˜ ๊ถŒ์„  ๋ณ€์••๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ 86.6%๋กœ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋‚ฎ์•˜๊ณ , ๊ถŒ์„ ํ˜• ํ‰๋ฉด ๋ณ€์••๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ 87%, ์ธ์‡„ ํšŒ๋กœ ๊ธฐํŒํ˜• ํ‰๋ฉด๋ณ€์••๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ 87.8%๋กœ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋†’์€ ํšจ์œจ์„ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค. ์ผ๋ฐ˜ ๊ถŒ์„  ๋ณ€์••๊ธฐ์™€ ์ธ์‡„ ํšŒ๋กœ ๊ธฐํŒํ˜• ํ‰๋ฉด๋ณ€์••๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋น„๊ตํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๋ชจ๋“  ๋ถ€ํ•˜ ์˜์—ญ์—์„œ ํšจ์œจ ์ฐจ์ด๋Š” 1.2~2.1% ์ˆ˜์ค€์œผ๋กœ ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜์˜ ํšจ์œจ ์ฐจ์ด ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋‹ค์†Œ ์ ์€ ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ณด์˜€๋Š”๋ฐ ์ด๋Š” ์Šค์œ„์น˜์—์„œ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ์†์‹ค ๋ฐ ๊ธฐํƒ€ ์†์‹ค ๋“ฑ์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ์œผ๋กœ ํŒ๋‹จ๋œ๋‹ค.

Fig. 15. System Efficiency

../../Resources/kiee/KIEE.2022.71.12.1780/fig15.png

๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐœ์—ด๋Ÿ‰์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ฝ”์–ด ๋‚ด๋ถ€, ์ฝ”์–ด ํ‘œ๋ฉด, ๊ถŒ์„  ๋ฐ ๋ถ€์Šค๋ฐ”์— ์˜จ๋„๊ธฐ๋ก๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ตœ๊ณ  ์˜จ๋„๋ฅผ ์ธก์ •ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์„ธ ๋ณ€์••๊ธฐ ๋ชจ๋‘ ์ฝ”์–ด ๋‚ด๋ถ€ ์˜จ๋„๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋†’์•˜์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ผ๋ฐ˜ ๊ถŒ์„  ๋ณ€์••๊ธฐ๋Š” 130.5โ„ƒ, ๊ถŒ์„ ํ˜• ํ‰๋ฉด ๋ณ€์••๊ธฐ๋Š” 115.8โ„ƒ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค. ์ธ์‡„ ํšŒ๋กœ ๊ธฐํŒํ˜• ํ‰๋ฉด๋ณ€์••๊ธฐ๋Š” 102.2โ„ƒ๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋ƒˆ๋‹ค. ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ์ธ์‡„ ํšŒ๋กœ ๊ธฐํŒํ˜• ๋ณ€์••๊ธฐ์˜ ์˜จ๋„๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋‚ฎ์•˜์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ตœ๊ณ  ์˜จ๋„๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ์ค€์œผ๋กœ 28.3โ„ƒ ๋งŒํผ์˜ ์˜จ๋„ ์ €๊ฐ ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.

5. Conclusion

๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ค‘๋Œ€์šฉ๋Ÿ‰ ์ „๋ ฅ๋ณ€ํ™˜ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์— ์ ์šฉ๋˜๋Š” ๊ถŒ์„  ๋ณ€์••๊ธฐ ๋ฐ ํ‰๋ฉดํ˜• ๋ณ€์••๊ธฐ์˜ ์„ค๊ณ„ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๋ณ€์••๊ธฐ์˜ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ์„ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜๊ณผ ์‹คํ—˜์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋น„๊ต๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜๊ณผ ์‹คํ—˜ ๋ชจ๋‘์—์„œ ์ธ์‡„ ํšŒ๋กœ ๊ธฐํŒํ˜• ํ‰๋ฉด ๋ณ€์••๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์ผ๋ฐ˜ ๊ถŒ์„  ๋ณ€์••๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ๋•Œ๋ณด๋‹ค ํšจ์œจ, ์ „๋ ฅ ๋ฐ€๋„, ์˜จ๋„ ๋ฉด์—์„œ ๋” ๋‚˜์€ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ์„ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค. ํšจ์œจ์€ ์ •๊ฒฉ๋ถ€ํ•˜๋ณด๋‹ค 2.1% ๋†’์•˜๊ณ , ์ „๋ ฅ๋ฐ€๋„ ๋ฉด์—์„œ 204% ์šฐ์ˆ˜ํ•จ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, ๋ณ€์••๊ธฐ์˜ ์˜จ๋„๊ฐ€ ์•ฝ 28.3ยฐC ๋” ๋‚ฎ์€ ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.

๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์˜ ๋‚ด์šฉ์„ ํ™œ์šฉํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด ์•„ํฌ ์šฉ์ ‘๊ธฐ ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์ ์ฐจ ๋Œ€์šฉ๋Ÿ‰ํ™” ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์ „๊ธฐ์ž๋™์ฐจ, UPS(Uninterrupted Power Supply) ๋“ฑ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ค‘๋Œ€์šฉ๋Ÿ‰์šฉ ํ‰๋ฉด๋ณ€์••๊ธฐ ์„ค๊ณ„์— ๋„์›€์ด ๋  ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ํŒ๋‹จ๋œ๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ, ๋ณ€์••๊ธฐ ๋ฐœ์—ด ๊ฐœ์„ ์„ ํ†ตํ•œ ์•ˆ์ •์„ฑ ํ™•๋ณด์— ๋„์›€์ด ๋  ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์ด๋ฉฐ ์ถ”๊ฐ€์ ์ธ ๋ชจ๋ธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์ง„ํ–‰๋œ๋‹ค๋ฉด ๋ณด๋‹ค ์ •๋ฐ€ํ•œ ๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ํ†ตํ•œ ์†์‹ค ๋ฐ ๋ฐœ์—ด์„ ์˜ˆ์ธก์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•  ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ํŒ๋‹จ๋œ๋‹ค.

Acknowledgements

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์ €์ž์†Œ๊ฐœ

Jae-Gon Yoo
../../Resources/kiee/KIEE.2022.71.12.1780/au1.png

Born on September 6, 1989.

Graduated from Daejin University Department of Electrical Engineering in 2015.

Graduated from the Department of Electrical Engineering in the same graduate school in 2018 (Master's degree).

2018-present doctoral course in the Department of Electrical Engineering at the same graduate school.

Jong-Soo Kim
../../Resources/kiee/KIEE.2022.71.12.1780/au2.png

Born on March 5, 1975.

Graduated from Sungkyunkwan University Graduate School of Electrical and Computer Engineering in 2008 (Master's degree).

Graduated from the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering at the same graduate school in 2011.

From 2011 to 2012, Seoil University electrical department lecture professor.

From 2012 to 2013, Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology, MD Research Institute, Power Lab Specialist Researcher.

2013-present Associate Professor, Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Daejin University.

The Society's Finance Director.