• ๋Œ€ํ•œ์ „๊ธฐํ•™ํšŒ
Mobile QR Code QR CODE : The Transactions of the Korean Institute of Electrical Engineers
  • COPE
  • kcse
  • ํ•œ๊ตญ๊ณผํ•™๊ธฐ์ˆ ๋‹จ์ฒด์ด์—ฐํ•ฉํšŒ
  • ํ•œ๊ตญํ•™์ˆ ์ง€์ธ์šฉ์ƒ‰์ธ
  • Scopus
  • crossref
  • orcid

  1. (R&D Dept. Kukje Electric Mfg, Co., Ltd., Korea.)



Active power, Capacitor, Efficiency, Induction motor, Power factor, Reactive power, Statcom

1. ์„œ ๋ก 

์œ ๋„์ „๋™๊ธฐ๋Š” ๊ฐ„๋‹จํ•œ ๊ตฌ์กฐ, ๊ฒฌ๊ณ ์„ฑ์—๋‹ค ์œ ์ง€๋ณด์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์‰ฝ๊ณ , ์‹ ๋ขฐ์„ฑ์ด ๋†’์•„ ํšŒ์ „์ฒด ๋ถ€ํ•˜์˜ ์šด์ „์— ๋งŽ์ด ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค(1,2,3). ์œ ๋„์ „๋™๊ธฐ๋Š” ๋Œ€ํ‘œ์ ์ธ ์œ ๋„์„ฑ ๋ถ€ํ•˜๋กœ ๋ช…ํŒ์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋œ ์—ญ๋ฅ ์€ ์ •๊ฒฉ์ถœ๋ ฅ ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰์— ํ•ด๋‹นํ•  ๋•Œ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ์ค€์œผ๋กœ ์ •ํ•ด์ง„ ๊ฐ’์ด๋‹ค. ์ด ์œ ๋„์ „๋™๊ธฐ๋Š” ์ •๊ฒฉ์ถœ๋ ฅ์— ํ•ด๋‹นํ•˜๋Š” ํฌ๊ธฐ๋กœ ๋ถ€ํ•˜๋ฅผ ์šด์ „ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์€ ์ •๊ฒฉ์ถœ๋ ฅ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋‚ฎ๊ฒŒ ๋ถ€ํ•˜๋ฅผ ์šด์ „ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๊ฐ€ ๋งŽ์œผ๋ฏ€๋กœ ์—ญ๋ฅ ์€ ๋” ๋–จ์–ด์งˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค(2,3). ์œ ๋„์ „๋™๊ธฐ์˜ ๋–จ์–ด์ง„ ์—ญ๋ฅ ์„ ๋†’์ด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ์œ ๋„์ „๋™๊ธฐ์˜ ๋‹จ์ž์— ์ปคํŒจ์‹œํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฐœ๋ณ„๋กœ ์„ค์น˜ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ์ด ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์€ ์œ ๋„์ „๋™๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ •๊ฒฉ๋ถ€ํ•˜๋กœ ์šด์ „ํ•˜๋Š” ์กฐ๊ฑด์—์„œ ๊ณ„์‚ฐํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ฏ€๋กœ ๋ถ€ํ•˜๋Ÿ‰์ด ๋ณ€๋™ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์—ญ๋ฅ ์„ ์ผ์ •ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์œ ์ง€ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋งค์šฐ ํž˜๋“ค๋‹ค(2,3).

์œ ๋„์ „๋™๊ธฐ์— ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋œ ๋ถ€ํ•˜์˜ ํฌ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์ผ์ •ํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ „๋™๊ธฐ์˜ ์ถœ๋ ฅ๋„ ๋ณ€๋™ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋ฏ€๋กœ ์ „์›์—์„œ ๊ณต๊ธ‰๋˜๋Š” ์ž…๋ ฅ์— ํ•ด๋‹นํ•˜๋Š” ์œ ํšจ์ „๋ ฅ์˜ ํฌ๊ธฐ๋„ ๋‹ฌ๋ผ์ง„๋‹ค. ํ•œํŽธ, ์œ ๋„์ „๋™๊ธฐ์˜ ์žํ™”์— ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ๋ฌดํšจ์ „๋ ฅ์€ ๋ถ€ํ•˜์˜ ๋ณ€๋™์—์„œ ๊ฑฐ์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์œผ๋ฏ€๋กœ ์—ญ๋ฅ ์€ ์œ ํšจ์ „๋ ฅ์˜ ๋ณ€๋™์— ํฌ๊ฒŒ ์ขŒ์šฐ๋œ๋‹ค(2). ๋งŽ์€ ํ˜„์žฅ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋ถ€ํ•˜์˜ ๋ณ€๋™๊ณผ ๋ฌด๊ด€ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์œ ๋„์ „๋™๊ธฐ์˜ ์ •๊ฒฉ์ถœ๋ ฅ ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰์— ๋งž์ถ”์–ด ์—ญ๋ฅ ์„ ๋ณด์ƒํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์œ ๋„์ „๋™๊ธฐ์˜ ๋‹จ์ž์— ์ปคํŒจ์‹œํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ๋ถ€์ฐฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์—ญ๋ฅ ์„ ์ผ์ • ์ด์ƒ ์œ ์ง€ํ•˜๋„๋ก ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค(2,3). ๋ถ€ํ•˜์˜ ๋ณ€๋™์—๋„ ์—ญ๋ฅ ์„ ์ผ์ •ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์œ ์ง€ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋งค์šฐ ์–ด๋ ค์›Œ์„œ ์•ˆ์ •์ ์ธ ์—ญ๋ฅ ์„ ์–ป๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ •์ง€ํ˜• ๋ฌดํšจ์ „๋ ฅ ๋ณด์ƒ ์žฅ์น˜(Statcom; static var compensator)๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค(4,5,6,7,8,9). ์ด Statcom ์žฅ์น˜๋Š” ์—ญ๋ฅ ์„ ์ผ์ •ํ•œ ํฌ๊ธฐ๋กœ ๋†’์ด๋Š” ๋ฐ์—๋Š” ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์ด์ง€๋งŒ, ๋ฌดํšจ์ „๋ ฅ์„ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ ๋ณ„๋„์˜ ์šด์ „ ์ „๋ ฅ์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค. ์ด ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์ „์›์—์„œ ๊ณต๊ธ‰ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•  ์ „๋ ฅ์ด ์ถ”๊ฐ€๋กœ ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋ฏ€๋กœ ์ „์ฒด ํšจ์œจ์ด ๋–จ์–ด์ง€๋Š” ๋‹จ์ ๋„ ์žˆ๋‹ค.

๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ์œ ๋„์ „๋™๊ธฐ ์ถœ๋ ฅ๋ณ€๋™์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์—ญ๋ฅ  ๊ฐœ์„ ์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ปคํŒจ์‹œํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์ ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์™€ Statcom ์„ ์ ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ํ•  ๋•Œ ์œ ํšจ์ „๋ ฅ, ๋ฌดํšจ์ „๋ ฅ, ํ”ผ์ƒ์ „๋ ฅ์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋Š” ๋ฌผ๋ก ์ด๊ณ  ํšจ์œจ๊ณผ ์—ญ๋ฅ ์ด ๋‹ฌ๋ผ์ง€๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋น„๊ต ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.

2. ์œ ๋„์ „๋™๊ธฐ์˜ ๋ฌดํšจ์ „๋ ฅ ๋ณด์ƒ

์œ ๋„์ „๋™๊ธฐ๋Š” ๋Œ€ํ‘œ์ ์ธ ์œ ๋„์„ฑ ๋ถ€ํ•˜๋กœ ํšŒ์ „์ž๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๊ณ„์†ํ•ด์„œ ํ˜•์„ฑ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ์žํ™”์— ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ๋ฌดํšจ์ „๋ ฅ์„ ์ „์›์—์„œ ์ „๋™๊ธฐ๋กœ ๊ณต๊ธ‰ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค(2). ์œ ๋„์ „๋™๊ธฐ์˜ ์—ญ๋ฅ ์€ ๋Œ€๊ฐœ 0.8 ์ „ํ›„๋กœ ์ „๋ ฅํšŒ์‚ฌ์—์„œ ์š”๊ตฌํ•˜๋Š” 0.9 ์ด์ƒ์˜ ์—ญ๋ฅ ๋กœ ์œ ์ง€ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ถ”๊ฐ€์ ์ธ ๋ฌดํšจ์ „๋ ฅ์˜ ๋ณด์ƒ์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค(2,3).

2.1 ์—ญ๋ฅ ๊ณผ ๋ฌดํšจ์ „๋ ฅ

์œ ๋„์ „๋™๊ธฐ์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ถ€ํ•˜๋Š” ์ „๋ฅ˜ ์„ฑ๋ถ„์ด ์ „์•• ์„ฑ๋ถ„๋ณด๋‹ค ๋Šฆ์€ ์ง€์ƒ ์„ฑ๋ถ„์œผ๋กœ ์œ ํšจ์ „๋ ฅ๊ณผ ๋ฌดํšจ์ „๋ ฅ์— ํ•ด๋‹นํ•˜๋Š” ์„ฑ๋ถ„์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์œ ํšจ์ „๋ ฅ์€ ์ถœ๋ ฅ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณ€ํ™˜๋˜๋Š” ์„ฑ๋ถ„์ด์ง€๋งŒ, ๋ฌดํšจ์ „๋ ฅ์€ ๋ฐ”๋กœ ํšŒ์ „์ž๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š”๋ฐ ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ์„ฑ๋ถ„์ด๋‹ค. ์œ ๋„์ „๋™๊ธฐ์— ์ „์••์„ ์ธ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ํ๋ฅด๋Š” ์ „๋ฅ˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ „๋ ฅ์œผ๋กœ ํ‘œํ˜„ํ•˜๋ฉด ๋‹ค์Œ ์‹ (1)๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค.

(1)
$S=\sqrt{3}V\bar{I}=P+j Q$

์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ $V,\: I$ ๋Š” ์„ ๊ฐ„์ „์••๊ณผ ์„ ์ „๋ฅ˜์ด๊ณ , $S$ ๋Š” ํ”ผ์ƒ์ „๋ ฅ, $P$ ๋Š” ์œ ํšจ์ „๋ ฅ, $Q$ ๋Š” ๋ฌดํšจ์ „๋ ฅ์ด๋‹ค.

์—ญ๋ฅ ์€ ์‹ (1)๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ํ”ผ์ƒ์ „๋ ฅ(S) ์ค‘์—์„œ ์‹ค์ œ ์ถœ๋ ฅ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ์œ ํšจ์ „๋ ฅ(P)์˜ ๋น„์œจ๋กœ ์‹ (2)์™€ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค(2,3). ์ „์›์—์„œ ๊ณต๊ธ‰ํ•˜๋Š” ์ „์ฒด ์ „๋ ฅ ์„ฑ๋ถ„์ธ ํ”ผ์ƒ์ „๋ ฅ์—์„œ ์œ ํšจ์ „๋ ฅ ์„ฑ๋ถ„์ด ๋†’๊ณ , ๋ฌดํšจ์ „๋ ฅ ์„ฑ๋ถ„์ด ๋‚ฎ์€ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์—ญ๋ฅ ์ด ๋†’์•„์ง„๋‹ค.

(2)
$pf_{1}=\cos\theta_{1}=\dfrac{P}{S}=\dfrac{P}{\sqrt{P^{2}+Q^{2}}}$

์ „์›์—์„œ์˜ ์—ญ๋ฅ ์„ ๋†’์ด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์žํ™”์— ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ๋ฌดํšจ์ „๋ ฅ($Q_{m}$)์„ ์ปคํŒจ์‹œํ„ฐ ๋“ฑ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌดํšจ์ „๋ ฅ($Q_{c}$)์„ ์ถ”๊ฐ€๋กœ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๊ฐœ์„ ๋œ ์—ญ๋ฅ ($pf_{2}$)์€ ์‹ (3)๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค. ์ด ์—ญ๋ฅ  ๊ฐ’์ด ๋Œ€๊ฐœ 0.95 ์ •๋„๊ฐ€ ๋˜๋„๋ก ๋ฌดํšจ์ „๋ ฅ ๋ณด์ƒ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ปคํŒจ์‹œํ„ฐ ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰์„ ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค.

(3)
$pf_{2}=\cos\theta_{2}=\dfrac{P}{\sqrt{P^{2}+\left(Q_{m}+Q_{c}\right)^{2}}}$

์œ ๋„์ „๋™๊ธฐ์— ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ๋ฌดํšจ์ „๋ ฅ์˜ ์ถ”๊ฐ€๋ถ„($Q_{c}$)์€ ์ปคํŒจ์‹œํ„ฐ๋‚˜ Statcom๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ •์ง€ํ˜• ๋ฌดํšจ์ „๋ ฅ ๋ณด์ƒ ์žฅ์น˜๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋ฉด ์—ญ๋ฅ ์„ ๋” ๋†’์ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.

2.2 ์—ญ๋ฅ  ๋ณด์ƒ ์žฅ์น˜

๊ทธ๋ฆผ 1์€ ์ „์›๊ณผ ์œ ๋„์ „๋™๊ธฐ ์‚ฌ์ด์— ๋ณ‘๋ ฌ๋กœ ์„ค์น˜ํ•œ ์—ญ๋ฅ  ๋ณด์ƒ ์žฅ์น˜์˜ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋„๋กœ์„œ ์ปคํŒจ์‹œํ„ฐ๋งŒ ๋ถ€์ฐฉํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์™€ Statcom๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ฌดํšจ์ „๋ ฅ ๋ณด์ƒ ์žฅ์น˜๋ฅผ ์ ์šฉํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค(2,3,5).

๊ทธ๋ฆผ. 1. ์—ญ๋ฅ  ๋ณด์ƒ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ปคํŒจ์‹œํ„ฐ์™€ Statcom

Fig. 1. Capacitors and Statcom for Power Factor Correction

../../Resources/kiee/KIEE.2023.72.5.643/fig1.png

์œ ๋„์ „๋™๊ธฐ์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์œ ๋„์„ฑ ๋ถ€ํ•˜์— ๋ถ€์กฑํ•œ ๋ฌดํšจ์ „๋ ฅ์„ ์ „์›์„ ๋Œ€์‹ ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šด ๋‹จ์ž์— ์ถ”๊ฐ€๋กœ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 1โ’œ์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ์„ค์น˜ํ•˜๋ฉด ์—ญ๋ฅ ์„ ๋†’์ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์—ญ๋ฅ ์„ ๋ณด์ƒํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์„ค์น˜ํ•˜๋Š” ์ปคํŒจ์‹œํ„ฐ์˜ ๋ฌดํšจ์ „๋ ฅ์˜ ํฌ๊ธฐ๋Š” ์‹ (4)์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ์œ ๋„์ „๋™๊ธฐ์— ์ธ๊ฐ€๋˜๋Š” ์œ ํšจ์ „๋ ฅ($P_{i n}$)๊ณผ ์—ญ๋ฅ  ๋ณด์ƒ ์ „ํ›„์˜ ์—ญ๋ฅ ์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ณ„์‚ฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๊ตฌํ•œ ๋ฌดํšจ์ „๋ ฅ์œผ๋กœ ์—ญ๋ฅ ์„ ๋†’์ด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ „๋™๊ธฐ์˜ ์ถœ๋ ฅ์ด ๊ฑฐ์˜ ์ •๊ฒฉ์ถœ๋ ฅ์œผ๋กœ ์šด์ „ํ•˜๋Š” ์กฐ๊ฑด์—์„œ ๊ตฌํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์‹ค์ œ ๋ถ€ํ•˜๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ์†Œํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๋ฌด๋ถ€ํ•˜๋กœ ์šด์ „ํ•˜๋ฉด ์—ญ๋ฅ ์ด ๋ณ€๋™ํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์„ค์ •ํ•œ ๋ชฉํ‘œ์˜ ์—ญ๋ฅ ์„ ์–ป๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋งค์šฐ ์–ด๋ ต๋‹ค.

(4)
$Q_{c}=P_{i n}\times\left(\dfrac{\sqrt{1-pf_{1}^{2}}}{pf_{1}}-\dfrac{\sqrt{1-pf^{2}_{2}}}{pf_{2}}\right)$

์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ $pf_{1}$, $pf_{2}$ ๋Š” ๋ณด์ƒ ์ „๊ณผ ๋ณด์ƒ ๋ชฉํ‘œ๋กœ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฐ๊ฐ์˜ ์—ญ๋ฅ ์ด๋‹ค. $P_{i n}$๋Š” ์œ ๋„์ „๋™๊ธฐ์˜ ๊ณ ์ •์ž์— ์œ ์ž…๋˜๋Š” ์œ ํšจ์ „๋ ฅ์œผ๋กœ์„œ ๊ทธ ํฌ๊ธฐ๋Š” ๋ช…ํŒ์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋œ ์ถœ๋ ฅ($P_{out}$)๊ณผ ์ „๋™๊ธฐ์˜ ํšจ์œจ($\eta_{m}$) ๋กœ ์‹ (5)์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ๊ตฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.

(5)
$P_{i n}=\dfrac{P_{out}}{\eta_{m}}$

๊ทธ๋ฆผ 1โ’๋Š” ์ „์••ํ˜• ์ปจ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜๋Š” Statcom ์ด๋‹ค. ์ „์›์ธก๊ณผ Statcom ์‚ฌ์ด์— ๋ฆฌ์•กํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐํ•˜์—ฌ ์–‘์ชฝ์˜ ์ „์•• ์ฐจ์ด์— ์˜ํ•œ ๋ฌดํšจ์ „๋ ฅ์ด Statcom์—์„œ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋„๋ก ํ•˜์—ฌ ํšŒ๋กœ์— ๋ณ‘๋ ฌ๋กœ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐํ•˜์—ฌ ํšŒ๋กœ์— ๋ฌดํšจ์ „๋ ฅ์„ ๊ณต๊ธ‰ํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ํšŒ๋กœ์—์„œ ๋ฌดํšจ์ „๋ ฅ์„ ํก์ˆ˜ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ํ•œ ์žฅ์น˜์ด๋‹ค(4,5). ์ด ์ •์ง€ํ˜• ๋ฌดํšจ์ „๋ ฅ ๋ณด์ƒ ์žฅ์น˜์˜ ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰($Q_{static}$)์€ ๋‹ค์Œ ์‹ (6)๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค.

(6)
$Q_{static}\cong\dfrac{V_{2}}{X}\times\left(V_{1}-V_{2}\right)$

์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ $X$๋Š” Statcom ์ž…๋ ฅ์ธก ๊ณ„ํ†ต ์—ฐ๊ณ„ ๋ฆฌ์•กํ„ด์Šค์ด๊ณ , $V_{1}$ ๋ฌดํšจ์ „๋ ฅ ๋ณด์ƒ ์žฅ์น˜์—์„œ์˜ ์ „์••์ด๊ณ , $V_{2}$๋Š” ์ „์›์ „์••์ด๋‹ค.

$Q_{static}$๋Š” ์‹ (3)์—์„œ $Q_{c}$์— ํ•ด๋‹นํ•˜๋Š” ์„ฑ๋ถ„์œผ๋กœ์„œ ์œ ๋„์ „๋™๊ธฐ ๋ถ€ํ•˜์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋Šฅ๋™์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ๋ฌดํšจ์ „๋ ฅ์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ์ปคํŒจ์‹œํ„ฐ๋งŒ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๋ถ€ํ•˜์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ํ•ญ์ƒ ์ผ์ •ํ•œ ํฌ๊ธฐ์˜ ๋ฌดํšจ์ „๋ ฅ๋งŒ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๋ฏ€๋กœ ์—ญ๋ฅ ์„ ์ผ์ • ์ด์ƒ ์œ ์ง€ํ•˜๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋งค์šฐ ์–ด๋ ต๋‹ค. Statcom์€ ์ž์ฒด ์šด์ „์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ „๋ ฅ์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ์ปคํŒจ์‹œํ„ฐ๋Š” ๋ณ„๋„๋กœ ์ „๋ ฅ์„ ํ•„์š”๋กœ ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค. ์œ ๋„์ „๋™๊ธฐ์— ๊ณต๊ธ‰ํ•˜๋Š” ์ „์ฒด ์ „๋ ฅ์€ ์ถœ๋ ฅ($P_{out}$) ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๋Š” ์œ ํšจ์ „๋ ฅ๊ณผ ์ž์†์˜ ํ˜•์„ฑ์— ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ๋ฌดํšจ์ „๋ ฅ์ด ๋ชจ๋‘ ์ „์›์—์„œ ์ œ๊ณต๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ด ๋‘ ์ „๋ ฅ์˜ ๋ฒกํ„ฐ ํ•ฉ์€ ํ”ผ์ƒ์ „๋ ฅ์ด๋‹ค. ์‹ค์ œ ํ”ผ์ƒ์ „๋ ฅ์—์„œ ์ถœ๋ ฅ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณ€ํ™˜๋˜๋Š” ๋น„์œจ์ธ ํšจ์œจ($\eta_{t}$)์€ ์‹ (7)๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค.

(7)
$n_{t}=\dfrac{P_{out}}{S}\times 100[\%]=\dfrac{w\times T}{S}\times 100[\%]$

์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ $w$๋Š” ๊ฐ์†๋„[ใŽฎ]์ด๊ณ , $T$ ๋Š” ํ† ํฌ[Nm]์ด๋‹ค.

3. ๋ถ€ํ•˜ ๋ณ€๋™์‹œ ์—ญ๋ฅ  ๋ณด์ƒ ์žฅ์น˜ ํŠน์„ฑ ๋ถ„์„

์œ ๋„์ „๋™๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ณ€์••๊ธฐ์˜ 2์ฐจ์— ์—ฐ๊ฒฐํ•œ ๋‹ค์Œ ์ถ•์— ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋œ ๋ถ€ํ•˜์˜ ํฌ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ฌด๋ถ€ํ•˜์—์„œ ์ •๊ฒฉ์ถœ๋ ฅ์— ์ด๋ฅด๊ธฐ๊นŒ์ง€ ๋ณ€ํ™”์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์œ ํšจ์ „๋ ฅ์˜ ๋ณ€๋™์œผ๋กœ ์—ญ๋ฅ ์ด ๋‹ฌ๋ผ์ง„๋‹ค. ๋ถ€ํ•˜ ๋ณ€๋™์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋‹ฌ๋ผ์ง€๋Š” ์—ญ๋ฅ ์„ ๋ณด์ƒํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ปคํŒจ์‹œํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์„ค์น˜ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์™€ ์ปคํŒจ์‹œํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์„ค์น˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  Statcom๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ฌดํšจ์ „๋ ฅ ๋ณด์ƒ ์žฅ์น˜๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” 3๊ฐ€์ง€์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ „๋ ฅ, ์—ญ๋ฅ  ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ํšจ์œจ์ด ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฐ›๋Š”์ง€๋ฅผ ๋ชจ์˜ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์—์„œ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ 3์ƒ ์œ ๋„์ „๋™๊ธฐ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋Š” ํ‘œ 1๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค.

ํ‘œ 1. ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜์— ์ ์šฉ๋œ ์œ ๋„์ „๋™๊ธฐ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ

Table 1. Data of induction motor applied to simulation

Rating

7.5 [ใŽพ] (10 [hp])

Voltage

380 [V]

No. of poles

4 [pole]

Speed

1,764 [rpm]

Power factor

0.8

Efficiency

0.91

์œ ๋„์ „๋™๊ธฐ์˜ ๋ถ€ํ•˜๊ฐ€ ๋ณ€๋™ํ•  ๋•Œ ์œ ํšจ์ „๋ ฅ, ๋ฌดํšจ์ „๋ ฅ, ํ”ผ์ƒ์ „๋ ฅ ๋ฐ ์—ญ๋ฅ  ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ํšจ์œจ์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ „์ž๊ณ„ ๊ณผ๋„ํ•ด์„ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ(EMTP)์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค(10). ์šด์ „ ๋Œ€์ƒ ๋ถ€ํ•˜์˜ ํฌ๊ธฐ๋Š” ์ „๋ถ€ํ•˜, 3/4๋ถ€ํ•˜, 1/2๋ถ€ํ•˜, 1/4๋ถ€ํ•˜, ๋ฌด๋ถ€ํ•˜, ์ „๋ถ€ํ•˜(4/4๋ถ€ํ•˜)์˜ ์ˆœ์„œ๋กœ 6๊ตฌ๊ฐ„์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜๋ˆ„์–ด ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.

๊ทธ๋ฆผ 2๋Š” ํ‘œ 1์— ์ œ์‹œ๋œ ๋ถ€ํ•˜๋ฅผ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋ณ€ํ™”๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋„๋ก ํ† ํฌ๋ฅผ ๋‹ค๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ์กฐ์ •ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์ฒ˜์Œ 0~1์ดˆ ๋‹จ๊ณ„์—์„œ๋Š” ์ •๊ฒฉ์— ํ•ด๋‹นํ•˜๋Š” ๋ถ€ํ•˜(40[Nm])๋กœ, 1~2์ดˆ๋Š” ์ •๊ฒฉ๋ถ€ํ•˜์˜ 75%(40[Nm])๋กœ, 2~3์ดˆ๋Š” ์ •๊ฒฉ๋ถ€ํ•˜์˜ 50%(20[Nm])๋กœ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  3~4์ดˆ๋Š” ์ •๊ฒฉ๋ถ€ํ•˜์˜ 25%(10[Nm])๋กœ, 4~5์ดˆ๋Š” ๋ฌด๋ถ€ํ•˜(0[Nm]) ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰ 5~6์ดˆ ์‚ฌ์ด์—๋Š” ๋‹ค์‹œ ์ •๊ฒฉ๋ถ€ํ•˜(40[Nm])๊ฐ€ ๋˜๋„๋ก ๋ถ€ํ•˜์˜ ํฌ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์กฐ์ •ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.

๊ทธ๋ฆผ. 2. ๋ถ€ํ•˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”

Fig. 2. Load fluctuation

../../Resources/kiee/KIEE.2023.72.5.643/fig2.png

๊ทธ๋ฆผ 2์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ์ „๋™๊ธฐ ์ถ•์— ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋œ ๋ถ€ํ•˜์˜ ํฌ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋ณ€๋™ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ „๋ ฅ๊ณผ ์—ญ๋ฅ  ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ํšจ์œจ์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์šฐ์„  ๋ถ€ํ•˜์˜ ํฌ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋‹ฌ๋ผ์ง„ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ „์›์—์„œ ์ œ๊ณต๋˜๋Š” ์œ ํšจ์ „๋ ฅ์˜ ํฌ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ปคํŒจ์‹œํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์™€ ์ปคํŒจ์‹œํ„ฐ๋งŒ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ ๊ฒƒ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  Statcom์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๋ฉด ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 3๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค. ์ปคํŒจ์‹œํ„ฐ์˜ ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰๊ณผ Statcom์˜ ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰์€ ๊ฐ๊ฐ ์‹ (4)์™€ ์‹ (6)์— ํ•ด๋‹นํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฐ’์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.

๊ทธ๋ฆผ. 3. ์œ ํšจ์ „๋ ฅ

Fig. 3. Active power

../../Resources/kiee/KIEE.2023.72.5.643/fig3.png

๊ทธ๋ฆผ 3์€ ๋ถ€ํ•˜์˜ ๋ณ€๋™์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ „์›์—์„œ ์ „๋™๊ธฐ์˜ ๊ณ ์ •์ž๋กœ ๊ณต๊ธ‰๋˜๋Š” ์œ ํšจ์ „๋ ฅ์˜ ํฌ๊ธฐ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ธ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ์„œ ์ „๋™๊ธฐ ๋‹จ์ž์— ์ปคํŒจ์‹œํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์„ค์น˜(โ—‹)ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ์ปคํŒจ์‹œํ„ฐ๋งŒ ์„ค์น˜(โ–ก)ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์œ ํšจ์ „๋ ฅ์˜ ํฌ๊ธฐ๋Š” ๊ฐ™๊ณ , Statcom๋ฅผ ์„ค์น˜ํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ(โ–ณ)๋Š” ๋ถ€ํ•˜์˜ ๋ณ€๋™์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์œ ํšจ์ „๋ ฅ์ด ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋‘ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์— ๋น„ํ•ด ์กฐ๊ธˆ ๋” ๋†’์€ ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” Statcom์˜ ์šด์ „์— ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ์ „๋ ฅ์ด ๋” ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋‹ค. ์ด์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ปคํŒจ์‹œํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์„ค์น˜ํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์™€ Statcom์„ ์„ค์น˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์œ ํšจ์ „๋ ฅ์˜ ์ฐจ์ด๋Š” ์ „๋™๊ธฐ ํšจ์œจ ๊ณ„์‚ฐ์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ค„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.

๋ถ€ํ•˜๊ฐ€ ๋ณ€๋™ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ 3๊ฐ€์ง€ ์šด์ „์กฐ๊ฑด์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋‹ฌ๋ผ์ง€๋Š” ๋ฌดํšจ์ „๋ ฅ์˜ ํฌ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜๋ฉด ๋‹ค์Œ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 4์™€ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค.

๊ทธ๋ฆผ. 4. ๋ฌดํšจ์ „๋ ฅ

Fig. 4. Reactive power

../../Resources/kiee/KIEE.2023.72.5.643/fig4.png

๊ทธ๋ฆผ 4๋Š” ์ „๋™๊ธฐ๋กœ ๊ณต๊ธ‰๋˜๋Š” ๋ฌดํšจ์ „๋ ฅ์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ๋ฌด๋ถ€ํ•˜์—์„œ ๋ถ€ํ•˜์˜ ํฌ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌํ•  ๋•Œ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ธ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ์„œ ์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ๋กœ ์ „๋™๊ธฐ์— ๋ฌดํšจ์ „๋ ฅ์„ ๋ณ„๋„๋กœ ๊ณต๊ธ‰ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ(โ—‹) ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋†’์€ ๋ฌดํšจ์ „๋ ฅ์ด ์ „์›์—์„œ ์ œ๊ณต๋˜์–ด์•ผ ํ•˜๊ณ , ๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ๋กœ ์ „๋™๊ธฐ ๋‹จ์ž์— ์ปคํŒจ์‹œํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์„ค์น˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ(โ–ก)๋Š” ์ „์›์—์„œ ๊ณต๊ธ‰ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฌดํšจ์ „๋ ฅ์ด ์ปคํŒจ์‹œํ„ฐ์˜ ํฌ๊ธฐ์— ํ•ด๋‹นํ•˜๋Š” ๋ถ„๋งŒํผ ๋ฌดํšจ์ „๋ ฅ์ด ์ค„์–ด๋“ค๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. Statcom์„ ์„ค์น˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ(โ–ณ)๋Š” ์ „์›์—์„œ ๊ณต๊ธ‰ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฌดํšจ์ „๋ ฅ์€ ๋ถ€ํ•˜์˜ ๋ณ€๋™์—๋„ ๊ฑฐ์˜ ์ œ๋กœ์— ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šธ ์ •๋„๋กœ ์ž‘์€ ๊ฐ’์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” 3๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• ์ค‘์—์„œ ์„ธ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด ์—ญ๋ฅ ์ด ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋†’๊ณ , ์•ˆ์ •๋˜๊ฒŒ ์—ญ๋ฅ ์„ ์œ ์ง€ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.

๋ฌด๋ถ€ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฌผ๋ก ์ด๊ณ  ๋ถ€ํ•˜๊ฐ€ ๋‹ฌ๋ผ์งˆ ๋•Œ ์ „์›์—์„œ ์œ ๋„์ „๋™๊ธฐ์— ์ œ๊ณต๋˜๋Š” ํ”ผ์ƒ์ „๋ ฅ์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๋ฉด ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 5์™€ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค.

๊ทธ๋ฆผ. 5. ํ”ผ์ƒ์ „๋ ฅ

Fig. 5. Apparent power

../../Resources/kiee/KIEE.2023.72.5.643/fig5.png

๊ทธ๋ฆผ 5์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ๋ถ€ํ•˜์˜ ๋ณ€๋™์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ํ”ผ์ƒ์ „๋ ฅ๋„ ์œ ํšจ์ „๋ ฅ์˜ ๋ณ€๋™๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ๋ณ€๋™ํ•œ๋‹ค. 3๊ฐ€์ง€ ์šด์ „ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์—์„œ ์—ญ๋ฅ  ๋ณด์ƒ ์ปคํŒจ์‹œํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์„ค์น˜ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ(โ—‹)๊ฐ€ ์ „์›์—์„œ ๋ณด๋ฉด ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋†’์€ ํ”ผ์ƒ์ „๋ ฅ์ด ์ „๋™๊ธฐ๋กœ ์ œ๊ณต๋˜์–ด์•ผ ํ•˜๊ณ , Statcom์„ ์ ์šฉํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ(โ–ณ)๊ฐ€ ์ž์ฒด ์ „๋ ฅ์˜ ํ•„์š”๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ์ „์›์„ ๊ธฐ์ค€์œผ๋กœ ํ•  ๋•Œ ํ”ผ์ƒ์ „๋ ฅ์ด ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋ณด๋‹ค ์•ฝ๊ฐ„ ๋‚ฎ์€ ํ”ผ์ƒ์ „๋ ฅ์— ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค. ๋ฌด๋ถ€ํ•˜ ๋˜๋Š” 1/4์˜ ๋ถ€ํ•˜๋กœ ์šด์ „ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์—ญ๋ฅ  ๋ณด์ƒ ์ปคํŒจ์‹œํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์ ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋ณด๋‹ค Statcom์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋ฉด ํ”ผ์ƒ์ „๋ ฅ์ด ๋” ๊ฐ์†Œํ•จ์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. 3๊ฐ€์ง€ ์šด์ „ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• ์ค‘์—์„œ ๋ถ€ํ•˜๊ฐ€ ๋ณ€๋™ํ•  ๋•Œ ์ „์›์—์„œ ์ œ๊ณต๋˜๋Š” ํ”ผ์ƒ์ „๋ ฅ์˜ ํฌ๊ธฐ๋Š” Statcom์„ ์ ์šฉํ•  ๋•Œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋‚ฎ๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค.

๋ถ€ํ•˜๊ฐ€ ์ˆ˜์‹œ๋กœ ๋ณ€๋™ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์—ญ๋ฅ ์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ 3๊ฐ€์ง€ ์šด์ „ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋น„๊ตํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 6์ด๋‹ค.

๊ทธ๋ฆผ. 6. ์—ญ๋ฅ 

Fig. 6. Power factor

../../Resources/kiee/KIEE.2023.72.5.643/fig6.png

๊ทธ๋ฆผ 6๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ๋ถ€ํ•˜๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ์†Œํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์—ญ๋ฅ ์€ ๋” ๋–จ์–ด์ง์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. 3๊ฐ€์ง€ ์šด์ „์กฐ๊ฑด ์ค‘์—์„œ ์ปคํŒจ์‹œํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์ ์šฉํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ(โ—‹)๊ฐ€ ์—ญ๋ฅ ์ด ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋‚ฎ๊ณ , ์ „๋™๊ธฐ ๋‹จ์ž์— ์ปคํŒจ์‹œํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์ ์šฉํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ(โ–ก)๋Š” ์ ์šฉํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋ณด๋‹ค ์—ญ๋ฅ ์ด ์กฐ๊ธˆ ๋” ๋†’๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. Statcom์„ ์ ์šฉ(โ–ณ)ํ•˜๋ฉด ๋ถ€ํ•˜ ๋ณ€๋™์€ ๋ฌผ๋ก ์ด๊ณ  ๋ฌด๋ถ€ํ•˜๋กœ ์šด์ „ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—์„œ๋„ ์—ญ๋ฅ ์„ ๊ฑฐ์˜ 1์— ๊ฐ€๊น๊ฒŒ ์šด์ „ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.

๋ถ€ํ•˜์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์—ญ๋ฅ  ๋ณด์ƒ ์žฅ์น˜๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ(โ—‹)์™€ ์ปคํŒจ์‹œํ„ฐ(30ใŽŒ)๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ(โ–ก), ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  Statcom์„ ์ ์šฉํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ(โ–ณ)์—์„œ ์œ ํšจ์ „๋ ฅ, ๋ฌดํšจ์ „๋ ฅ, ํ”ผ์ƒ์ „๋ ฅ ๋ฐ ์—ญ๋ฅ ์˜ ํฌ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜๋ฉด ํ‘œ 2์™€ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค. ๋ถ€ํ•˜์˜ ๋ณ€๋™์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์œ ํšจ์ „๋ ฅ์€ ํฌ๊ฒŒ ๋ณ€ํ™”ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ์ปคํŒจ์‹œํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์œ ํšจ์ „๋ ฅ์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋ฌดํšจ์ „๋ ฅ์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋Š” ๋‚ฎ์œผ๋ฏ€๋กœ ์—ญ๋ฅ ์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋Š” ํฌ๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜์ง€๋งŒ, ์ปคํŒจ์‹œํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋ฉด ๋ฌดํšจ์ „๋ ฅ์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋„ ์œ ํšจ์ „๋ ฅ์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฏ€๋กœ ์—ญ๋ฅ ์€ ํ–ฅ์ƒ๋œ๋‹ค. Statcom์„ ์ ์šฉํ•˜๋ฉด ๋ถ€ํ•˜์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”์™€ ๊ด€๊ณ„์—†์ด ์—ญ๋ฅ ์€ ๊ฑฐ์˜ 1์— ๊ฐ€๊น๊ฒŒ ์šด์ „ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Œ์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.

์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ์†Œ๋น„ ๊ด€์ ์—์„œ ๋ณด๋ฉด ์ „๋™๊ธฐ ํšจ์œจ์€ ์ž…๋ ฅ ์œ ํšจ์ „๋ ฅ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ถœ๋ ฅ ํ† ํฌ์™€ ๊ฐ์†๋„์˜ ๊ณฑ์œผ๋กœ ํ‘œ์‹œํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ด์ง€๋งŒ, ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ๊ณต๊ธ‰ ๊ด€์ ์—์„œ ๋ณด๋ฉด ์ž…๋ ฅ ์ „์›์—์„œ ์œ ํšจ์ „๋ ฅ๊ณผ ๋ฌดํšจ์ „๋ ฅ์„ ํฌํ•จํ•œ ํ”ผ์ƒ์ „๋ ฅ์ด ๊ณต๊ธ‰๋˜์–ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์ด ํ”ผ์ƒ์ „๋ ฅ์€ ์ž…๋ ฅ ์ „์›์ธก ๋ณ€์••๊ธฐ ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰ ์‚ฐ์ •์˜ ๊ธฐ์ค€์ด ๋˜๋ฏ€๋กœ ์ด๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ์ค€์œผ๋กœ ํ•œ ํšจ์œจ๋„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•  ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 7์—์„œ๋Š” ์ด๋“ค ์œ ํšจ์ „๋ ฅ๊ณผ ํ”ผ์ƒ์ „๋ ฅ์„ ๊ธฐ์ค€์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ถ€ํ•˜์˜ ๋ณ€๋™์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์—ญ๋ฅ  ๋ณด์ƒ ์ปคํŒจ์‹œํ„ฐ ์ ์šฉ ์ „๊ณผ ์ ์šฉ ํ›„ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  Statcom์˜ ์„ค์น˜์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋ณ€ํ™”ํ•˜๋Š” ํšจ์œจ์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 7โ’œ๋Š” ๋ถ€ํ•˜์˜ ๋ณ€๋™์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ž…๋ ฅ ์œ ํšจ์ „๋ ฅ์— ๊ธฐ์ค€ํ•œ ํšจ์œจ์˜ ๋ณ€๋™์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ธ ๊ฒƒ์ด๊ณ , ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 7โ’๋Š” ๋ถ€ํ•˜์˜ ๋ณ€๋™์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ „์›์—์„œ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๋Š” ํ”ผ์ƒ์ „๋ ฅ์— ๊ธฐ์ค€ํ•œ ์ถœ๋ ฅ ๋ณ€ํ™”์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํšจ์œจ์˜ ๋ณ€๋™์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ธ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค.

ํ‘œ 2. ๋ถ€ํ•˜ ๋ณ€๋™์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์ „๋ ฅ ๋ฐ ์—ญ๋ฅ 

Table 2. Power and power factor as a function of load variation

Load

P[W]

Q[var]

S[VA]

pf

โ—‹

โ–ก

โ–ณ

โ—‹

โ–ก

โ–ณ

โ—‹

โ–ก

โ–ณ

โ—‹

โ–ก

โ–ณ

4/4 load

8885

8650

8966

5520

1237

29

10460

8737

8999

0.85

0.99

1

3/4

Load

6518

6308

6581

5269

832

22

8351

6362

6589

0.77

0.99

1

1/2

Load

4333

4136

4364

5206

625

20

6774

4182

4383

0.64

0.98

1

1/4

Load

2299

2100

2380

5293

574

2

5771

2178

2371

0.40

0.97

1

No

Load

387

180

429

5504

653

11

5517

678

429

0.07

0.26

1

4/4

Load

8885

8650

8966

5520

1237

29

10460

8737

8999

0.85

0.99

1

๊ทธ๋ฆผ. 7. ํšจ์œจ ๋น„๊ต

Fig. 7. Efficiency comparison

../../Resources/kiee/KIEE.2023.72.5.643/fig7.png

๊ทธ๋ฆผ 7โ’œ ์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ์œ ํšจ์ „๋ ฅ์„ ๊ธฐ์ค€์œผ๋กœ ํšจ์œจ์„ ๋ชจ์˜ํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ์ปคํŒจ์‹œํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์„ค์น˜ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๊ฒƒ(โ—‹)๊ณผ ์ปคํŒจ์‹œํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์„ค์น˜ํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ(โ–ก)์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ํšจ์œจ์ด ๊ฑฐ์˜ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ด์œ ๋Š” ์ „์›์—์„œ ๊ณต๊ธ‰ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฌดํšจ์ „๋ ฅ์˜ ํฌ๊ธฐ๋งŒ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ๋‚  ๋ฟ์ด๊ณ , ์œ ํšจ์ „๋ ฅ์€ ๋ณ€ํ™”๊ฐ€ ์—†๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋‹ค. Statcom์„ ์„ค์น˜ํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ(โ–ณ)๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋ณด๋‹ค ํšจ์œจ์€ ๋” ๋‚ฎ์€ ์ด์œ ๋Š” Statcom์— ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๋Š” ์ „๋ ฅ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋‹ค.

๊ทธ๋ฆผ 7โ’๋Š” ์œ ๋„์ „๋™๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์šด์ „ํ•  ๋•Œ ๋ถ€ํ•˜์˜ ๋ณ€๋™์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์ „๋ ฅํšŒ์‚ฌ ์ธก๋ฉด์—์„œ ํ”ผ์ƒ์ „๋ ฅ์„ ๊ธฐ์ค€์œผ๋กœ ํ•œ ํšจ์œจ์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ธ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ์„œ ์„ธ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์กฐ๊ฑด ์ค‘์—์„œ ์ปคํŒจ์‹œํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์„ ๋•Œ ํšจ์œจ(โ—‹)์ด ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋‚ฎ๊ณ , Statcom์„ ์ ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ(โ–ณ) ํšจ์œจ์ด ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋†’๋‹ค. ๋ถ€ํ•˜๊ฐ€ ์ •๊ฒฉ ์ถœ๋ ฅ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰์— ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šฐ๋ฉด ์ปคํŒจ์‹œํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์ ์šฉํ•  ๋•Œ์™€ Statcom์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์™€ ๋น„์Šทํ•œ ํฌ๊ธฐ์˜ ํšจ์œจ์„ ์–ป์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ๋ถ€ํ•˜๊ฐ€ ์ •๊ฒฉ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋‚ฎ์•„ ๊ฒฝ๋ถ€ํ•˜๋กœ ์šด์ „ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ Statcom์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋†’์€ ํšจ์œจ์„ ์–ป์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ์ „๋™๊ธฐ์— ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ์ „๋ ฅ์„ Statcom์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์ „์›์—์„œ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๋Š” ํ”ผ์ƒ์ „๋ ฅ์˜ ์–‘์ด ์ค„์–ด๋“ค๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋‹ค.

4. ๊ฒฐ ๋ก 

์œ ๋„์ „๋™๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ •๊ฒฉ ์ถœ๋ ฅ์— ๋งž์ถ”์–ด ์šด์ „ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ด์ƒ์ ์ธ ํšจ์œจ๊ณผ ์—ญ๋ฅ ์„ ๋ณด์žฅํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ์‹ค์ œ ์‚ฐ์—…ํ˜„์žฅ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ •๊ฒฉ ์ถœ๋ ฅ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋‚ฎ๊ฒŒ ์šด์ „ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๊ฐ€ ๋งŽ์€ ํŽธ์ด๋‹ค. ์œ ๋„์ „๋™๊ธฐ์˜ ์—ญ๋ฅ ์€ ์ •๊ฒฉ ์ถœ๋ ฅ ์šด์ „์กฐ๊ฑด์œผ๋กœ ์ปคํŒจ์‹œํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ๊ณ„์‚ฐํ•˜์—ฌ ์„ค์น˜ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ๋ถ€ํ•˜๊ฐ€ ๋ณ€๋™ํ•  ๋•Œ ์—ญ๋ฅ ์˜ ๋ณ€๋™์„ ๋ฌผ๋ก ์ด๊ณ , ํšจ์œจ๋„ ๋‹ฌ๋ผ์ง„๋‹ค.

์œ ๋„์ „๋™๊ธฐ๋Š” ์ถœ๋ ฅ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋˜๋Š” ์œ ํšจ์ „๋ ฅ๊ณผ ์žํ™”์— ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ๋ฌดํšจ์ „๋ ฅ์ด ๋ชจ๋‘ ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค. ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ณ„์‚ฐํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ํšจ์œจ์€ ์œ ํšจ์ „๋ ฅ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ „๋™๊ธฐ์˜ ์ถœ๋ ฅ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๊ณ  ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ์ „๋ ฅํšŒ์‚ฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ํ”ผ์ƒ์ „๋ ฅ์ด ์ œ๊ณต๋˜๋ฏ€๋กœ ์ด ํ”ผ์ƒ์ „๋ ฅ์„ ๊ธฐ์ค€์œผ๋กœ ํ•œ ํšจ์œจ์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•  ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋ฌด๋ถ€ํ•˜์—์„œ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ถ€ํ•˜์˜ ๋ณ€๋™์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋‹ฌ๋ผ์ง€๋Š” ๋ฌดํšจ์ „๋ ฅ์„ ๋ณด์ƒํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์—ญ๋ฅ  ๋ณด์ƒ ์ปคํŒจ์‹œํ„ฐ์˜ ์„ค์น˜ ์ „ํ›„์™€ Statcom๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์žฅ์น˜์˜ ์„ค์น˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๊ฐ๊ฐ ์ „๋ ฅ ๋ฐ ํšจ์œจ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์—ญ๋ฅ ์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.

ํ•ด์„ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ์ •๊ฒฉ ์ถœ๋ ฅ์— ํ•ด๋‹นํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋‚ฎ์€ ๋ถ€ํ•˜๋กœ ์šด์ „ํ•˜๋Š” ์œ ๋„์ „๋™๊ธฐ์— Statcom์„ ์ ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์•ˆ์ •๋œ ์—ญ๋ฅ ์„ ์–ป์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ณ , ์œ ํšจ์ „๋ ฅ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ „๋™๊ธฐ์˜ ์ถœ๋ ฅ์„ ๊ธฐ์ค€์œผ๋กœ ํšจ์œจ์„ ๊ณ„์‚ฐํ•˜๋ฉด ์ปคํŒจ์‹œํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์„ค์น˜ ์ „ํ›„์— ๋น„ํ•ด Statcom๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ž์ฒด์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ์šด์ „ ์ „๋ ฅ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด์„œ ํšจ์œจ์ด ๋” ๋‚ฎ๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜์ง€๋งŒ, ์ „์›์—์„œ ๊ณต๊ธ‰ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•  ํ”ผ์ƒ์ „๋ ฅ์„ ๊ธฐ์ค€์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ€ํ•˜์˜ ๋ณ€๋™์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ํšจ์œจ์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ์—ญ์œผ๋กœ Statcom์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋” ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์ž„์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.

๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ํ–ฅํ›„ ๋ถ€ํ•˜ ๋ณ€๋™์ด ๋นˆ๋ฒˆํ•œ ์œ ๋„์ „๋™๊ธฐ์˜ ์šด์ „์—์„œ ์—ญ๋ฅ  ๋ฐ ํšจ์œจ ๊ฐœ์„ ์— ๋„์›€์ด ๋  ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ํŒ๋‹จํ•œ๋‹ค.

References

1 
Wildi Theodore, 2002, Electrical Machines, Drives, and Power Systems, Prentice Hall 5thGoogle Search
2 
Dong-Ju Lee, Jong-Gyeum Kim, 202205, Research on Power Factor Compensation Technology When Torque Fluctuates in Induction Motors, Trans on the KIEE, Vol. 71, No. 5, pp. 797-802Google Search
3 
Jong-Gyeum Kim, April 2017, Relationship between Voltage Drop and Power Factor Compensation in Induction Motor Operation, Trans on the KIIEE, Vol. 22, No. 4, pp. 43-49Google Search
4 
N. G. Hingorani, L. Gyugyi, 1999, Understanding FACTS, IEEE PressGoogle Search
5 
Dong-Ju Lee, April 2005, Operation Principle and Characteristics Simulation of STATCOM, KIEE EMECS Spring conference, pp. 58-60Google Search
6 
Luis T. Moran, July/Aug 1989, Analysis and Design of a Three-Phase Synchronous Solid-state Var Compensator, IEEE Trans on IAS, Vol. 25, No. 4, pp. 598-608DOI
7 
L. Xu, V.G.Agelidis, E. Acha, Sep 2001, Development Consideration of DSP-controlled PWM VSC-based STATCOM, IEE Proc, Electric Power Applications, Vol. 148, No. 5, pp. 449-455DOI
8 
Fang Zheng Peng, Jih-Sheng Lai, Feb 1996, Generalized Instantaneous Reactive Power Theory for Three-Phase Power Systems, IEEE trans on Instrument and Measurement, Vol. 45, No. 1, pp. 293-297Google Search
9 
L. Gyugyi, Sept/Oct 1979, Reactive Power Generation and control by thyristor circuits, IEEE Trans. on IAS., Vol. 15, No. 5, pp. 521-532Google Search
10 
H.W. Dommel., 1986, Electromagnetic Transients Program. Reference Manual(EMTP Theory Book), BPAGoogle Search

์ €์ž์†Œ๊ฐœ

์ด๋™์ฃผ (Dong Ju Lee)
../../Resources/kiee/KIEE.2023.72.5.643/au1.png

He received the B.S., M.S. and Ph.D. degrees in electrical engineering from Chungnam national university, Daejon, Korea, in 1996, 1998 and 2021, respectively.

From 1999 to 2010, he worked at R&D department of Ehwa Technologies Information as a chief research engineer for the development of commercial uninterruptible power supply system and military 400Hz power converter system.

From 2010 to 2017, he worked at R&D department of Kukje Electric Co., Ltd. as a chief design engineer for the development of transformer -less uninterruptible power supply system and he is a chief technology officer for the developments of energy storage system since 2017.

Since 2017, He is a member of expert committee of power electronics system (IEC/TC22) on Industry Standards Council in Korean Agency for Technology and Standards and is the member of KIEE and IEEE.

His research interests are in the areas of analysis and design of induction machine and development of power conversion system based on the power electronics technology and embedded MCU.

๊น€์ข…๊ฒธ (Jong-Gyeum Kim)
../../Resources/kiee/KIEE.2023.72.5.643/au2.png

Jongโ€‘Gyeum Kim received his B.S degree in Electrical Engineering from Dong-A University, Busan, Korea, in 1984, and M.S, and Ph.D degrees in Electrical Engineering from Chungnam National University in 1991 and 1996 respectively.

In 1987, he worked for KT, and from 1988 to 1996, he worked for K-water. He was a Visiting Professor at Wisconsin State University from 2013 to 2014 and the University of Idaho from 2022 to 2023.

He has been working at Gangneung-Wonju National University since 1996.

His research interest is the design and implementation of Energy Conversion System and Power Quality.

He is fellow member of the KIEE.