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  1. (Dept. of Radio and Information Communications Engineering, Chungnam National University, Korea.)



GaAs pHEMT, W-band, Power amplifier, MMIC

1. Introduction

๋†’์€ ์ •๋ฐ€๋„์˜ ๊ณ ํ•ด์ƒ๋„ ๋ ˆ์ด๋”, ์ดˆ๊ณ ์† ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ์ „์†ก ์†๋„๊ฐ€ ์š”๊ตฌ๋˜๋Š” 5G ๋ฐ 6G ๋ฌด์„ ํ†ต์‹  ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ, ๋ณต์‚ฌ์ฒด ์—ด์—๋„ˆ์ง€๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์ง€ํ•˜๋Š” ์ˆ˜๋™ ์˜์ƒ๊ฐ์‹œ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ๋“ฑ์ด ๋ฐ€๋ฆฌ๋ฏธํ„ฐํŒŒ ์ฃผํŒŒ์ˆ˜ ๋Œ€์—ญ์—์„œ ๋„๋ฆฌ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค(1-3). ์ดˆ๊ณ ์†, ๊ณ ์ •๋ฐ€ ๋ฐ€๋ฆฌ๋ฏธํ„ฐํŒŒ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์˜ ์†ก์ˆ˜์‹  ๋ชจ๋“ˆ์— ํ™œ์šฉ๋˜๋Š” ์ „๋ ฅ ์ฆํญ๊ธฐ๋Š” ์ €์žก์Œ ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ์š”๊ตฌํ•˜๋Š” ์ˆ˜์‹ ๊ธฐ์™€ ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ ํŠธ๋žœ์ง€์Šคํ„ฐ๊ฐ€ ์ตœ๋Œ€ ์ถœ๋ ฅ ์ „๋ ฅ์„ ๋‚ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ถ€ํ•˜ ์ž„ํ”ผ๋˜์Šค๋กœ์˜ ์ •ํ•ฉ์„ ์ค‘์‹œํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ์ „๋ ฅ ์ฆํญ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ๋™ํ•˜๋Š” ์ฆํญ๊ธฐ๋Š” ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํ•œ ์ด๋“๊ณผ ์ ์ • ์ˆ˜์ค€์˜ ์„ ํ˜•์„ฑ์„ ์š”๊ตฌํ•œ๋‹ค.

์ „๋ ฅ ์ฆํญ๊ธฐ๋Š” GaAs pseudomorphic high electron mobility transistor(pHEMT), Si complementary metal oxide semiconductor(CMOS) field effect transistor, InP double heterojunction bipolar transistor (DHBT), GaN HEMT ๋“ฑ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋‹จ์ผ์นฉ ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœํŒŒ ์ง‘์ ํšŒ๋กœ(monolithic microwave integrated circuit, MMIC) ๊ณต์ •์œผ๋กœ ์ œ์ž‘๋˜์–ด์™”๋‹ค(4,5). ํŠนํžˆ ๋ฐ€๋ฆฌ๋ฏธํ„ฐํŒŒ ์ „๋ ฅ ์ฆํญ๊ธฐ๋“ค์€ ๋†’์€ ์ „์ž ์ด๋™๋„, ๋‚ฎ์€ ํ„ด์˜จ(turn-on) ์ „์••, ๋‚ฎ์€ ๋ˆ„์„ค ์ „๋ฅ˜ ํŠน์„ฑ, ๋†’์€ ์ „๋ ฅ๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ํšจ์œจ ๋“ฑ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋Š” GaAs HEMT๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ตฌํ˜„๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค(6-8).

๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์—์„œ๋Š” 0.1 ยตm GaAs pHEMT๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ W-๋Œ€์—ญ, ํŠนํžˆ ๋ฐ€๋ฆฌ๋ฏธํ„ฐํŒŒ ์ˆ˜๋™์˜์ƒ ๊ฐ์ง€ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ, ์›๊ฒฉํƒ์‚ฌ, ๊ทผ์ ‘ ์‹ ๊ด€ ๋“ฑ ๋ฏผ๊ตฐ๊ฒธ์šฉ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ ๋ถ„์•ผ์—์„œ ๋„๋ฆฌ ์‘์šฉ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” 94 GHz๋ฅผ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ ๋™์ž‘ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ตฌ๋™ ์ฆํญ๊ธฐ ๋ฐ ์ „๋ ฅ ์ฆํญ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์„ค๊ณ„ ๋ฐ ์ œ์ž‘ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ(9-11), ๊ตฌ๋™ ์ฆํญ๊ธฐ์˜ ์ด๋“ ํ™•๋ณด์™€ ์ „๋ ฅ ์ฆํญ๊ธฐ์˜ ์ตœ๋Œ€ ์ถœ๋ ฅ ํ™•๋ณด๋ฅผ ์„ค๊ณ„์˜ ์ฃผ์š” ๋ชฉํ‘œ๋กœ ์„ค์ •ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.

2. MMIC design

๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์—์„œ๋Š” Win Semiconductor์˜ 0.1 ยตm GaAs pHEMT ๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , Keysight์˜ Advanced Design System(ADS) ์†Œํ”„ํŠธ์›จ์–ด๋ฅผ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ตฌ๋™ ์ฆํญ๊ธฐ ๋ฐ ์ „๋ ฅ ์ฆํญ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์„ค๊ณ„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. Metal-Insulator-Metal(MIM) ์บํŒจ์‹œํ„ฐ ๋ฐ ๋ฐ•๋ง‰ ์ €ํ•ญ์˜ ๋ชจ๋ธ์€ ์ธก์ • ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋กœ ๊ฒ€์ฆ๋œ ๋“ฑ๊ฐ€ ๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ์ŠคํŠธ๋ฆฝ ์ „์†ก์„ ๋กœ ๋ฐ ์Šคํ„ฐ๋ธŒ ๋“ฑ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ˆ˜๋™์†Œ์ž๋Š” 2.5์ฐจ์› ๋ชจ๋ฉ˜ํ…€ ์ „์žํŒŒ ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜ ๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ํšŒ๋กœ ์„ค๊ณ„์— ์ ์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.

2.1 Stabilization circuit

๊ทธ๋ฆผ 1์€ A๊ธ‰ ๋ฐ”์ด์–ด์Šค ์กฐ๊ฑด(VGS=โˆ’0.45 V, VDS=3.5 V, IDS=180 mA/mm)์—์„œ 2ร—50 ยตm์™€ 4ร—50 ยตm pHEMT์˜ ์ตœ๋Œ€ ๊ฐ€์šฉ ์ด๋“(maximum available gain, MAG)๊ณผ ์•ˆ์ •๋„ ์ง€์ˆ˜(K)์˜ ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ค‘์‹ฌ ์ฃผํŒŒ์ˆ˜์ธ 94 GHz์—์„œ ์ตœ๋Œ€ ๊ฐ€์šฉ ์ด๋“์€ 2ร—50 ยตm์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ 6.3 dB, 4ร—50 ยตm์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ 6.4 dB์ด๋ฉฐ ์•ˆ์ •๋„ ์ง€์ˆ˜ K๋Š” 2ร—50 ยตm์™€ 4ร—50 ยตm ๋ชจ๋‘ 65 GHz ๋ฏธ๋งŒ์—์„œ 1๋ณด๋‹ค ์ž‘์•„ ์†Œ์ž๊ฐ€ ๋ถˆ์•ˆ์ •ํ•˜๋ฏ€๋กœ ๋ฐœ์ง„ ์–ต์ œ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ์†Œ์ž ์•ˆ์ •ํ™”๊ฐ€ ํ•„์ˆ˜์ ์ด๋‹ค.

๊ทธ๋ฆผ 2๋Š” ๋ฐ”์ด์–ด์Šค ํšŒ๋กœ์— ์•ˆ์ •ํ™” ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์„ ์ ์šฉํ•œ ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ์ดˆ๊ณ ์ฃผํŒŒ ์ „๋ ฅ ์ฆํญ๊ธฐ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋ณ‘๋ ฌ RC ํšŒ๋กœ๋ฅผ ํŠธ๋žœ์ง€์Šคํ„ฐ์˜ ๊ฒŒ์ดํŠธ์— ์ง๋ ฌ๋กœ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐํ•˜์—ฌ ์ €์ฃผํŒŒ ์ด๋“์€ ์ €ํ•ญ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ฐ์†Œ์‹œํ‚ค๊ณ  ๊ณ ์ฃผํŒŒ ์ด๋“์€ ์บํŒจ์‹œํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์œ ์ง€ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ €์ฃผํŒŒ ๋ถˆ์•ˆ์ •์„ฑ์„ ํ•ด์†Œํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ๋งŽ์ด ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค(12-14). ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜, ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 1์— ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ธ ๋ฐ”์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ๋ฐ€๋ฆฌ๋ฏธํ„ฐํŒŒ ๋Œ€์—ญ์—์„œ๋Š” ํŠธ๋žœ์ง€์Šคํ„ฐ์˜ ์ตœ๋Œ€ ๊ฐ€์šฉ ์ด๋“ ์ž์ฒด๊ฐ€ ์ž‘์•„์„œ ๋ณ‘๋ ฌ RC ํšŒ๋กœ๋ฅผ ํŠธ๋žœ์ง€์Šคํ„ฐ์— ์ง๋ ฌ๋กœ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์€ ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์ด์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ , ์ง‘์ ํšŒ๋กœ์˜ ํฌ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ฆ๊ฐ€์‹œ์ผœ ๋‹จ์œ„ ๋ฉด์ ๋‹น ๊ณต์ • ์ œ์ž‘๋น„๊ฐ€ ์•„์ฃผ ๋น„์‹ผ W-๋Œ€์—ญ ํšŒ๋กœ์— ์ ์šฉํ•˜๊ธฐ์—๋Š” ์ ์ ˆํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋‹ค.

๊ทธ๋ฆผ. 1. 2ร—50 ยตm ๋ฐ 4ร—50 ยตm ํŠธ๋žœ์ง€์Šคํ„ฐ์˜ ์ตœ๋Œ€ ๊ฐ€์šฉ ์ด๋“๊ณผ ์•ˆ์ •๋„ ์ง€์ˆ˜ K (VGS=โˆ’0.45 V, VDS=3.5 V, IDS=180 mA/mm)

Fig. 1. Maximum available gain(MAG) and stability factor(K) of the 2ร—50 ยตm and 4ร—50 ยตm transistors (VGS=โˆ’0.45 V, VDS=3.5 V and IDS=180 mA/mm)

../../Resources/kiee/KIEE.2023.72.7.836/fig1.png

๊ทธ๋ฆผ. 2. W-๋Œ€์—ญ pHEMT ์•ˆ์ •ํ™” ๋ฐ”์ด์–ด์Šค ํšŒ๋กœ

Fig. 2. Stabilization bias circuit of the W-band pHEMT

../../Resources/kiee/KIEE.2023.72.7.836/fig2.png

๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 2์— ๋ณด์ธ ๋ฐ”์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ฮป/4์˜ ์ „๊ธฐ์  ๊ธธ์ด๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‚ฌํ˜• ์Šคํ„ฐ๋ธŒ(radial stub)๋ฅผ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์„ค๊ณ„ ๋Œ€์—ญ์˜ ์ฃผํŒŒ์ˆ˜์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์ƒ ์ ‘์ง€๋ฅผ ๊ตฌํ˜„ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ RF ์‹ ํ˜ธ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐ”์ด์–ด์Šค ํšŒ๋กœ๋กœ ํ๋ฅด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ฐฉ์ง€ํ•˜๋Š” RF choke ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ•˜๋„๋ก ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค(15-17). ๋˜ํ•œ, ์ง๋ ฌ RC ํšŒ๋กœ๋ฅผ ๋ณ‘๋ ฌ(shunt)๋กœ ๋‹ฌ์•„ ์†์‹ค ํšŒ๋กœ ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ์„ค๊ณ„ ๋Œ€์—ญ ์ด์™ธ์˜ ์ฃผํŒŒ์ˆ˜ ๋Œ€์—ญ์—์„œ ๋ฐ”์ด์–ด์Šค ํฌํŠธ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•œ ๋ฃจํ”„ ํ”ผ๋“œ๋ฐฑ ๋ฐœ์ง„์„ ์–ต์ œํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค(18,19). ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 3์€ ์•ˆ์ •ํ™” ์†Œ์ž ์ถ”๊ฐ€์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ 2ร—50 ยตm ํŠธ๋žœ์ง€์Šคํ„ฐ์˜ ์ตœ๋Œ€๊ฐ€์šฉ์ด๋“๊ณผ ์•ˆ์ •๋„ ์ง€์ˆ˜ k์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. 4ร—50 ยตm ํŠธ๋žœ์ง€์Šคํ„ฐ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์œ„์— ์ œ์‹œ๋œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๊ณผ ๋”๋ถˆ์–ด ๊ฒŒ์ดํŠธ ๋ฐ”์ด์–ด์Šค ํšŒ๋กœ์— ์ง๋ ฌ ์ €ํ•ญ์„ ์ถ”๊ฐ€ ์‚ฝ์ž…ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ  ์„ ๋กœ์˜ ๊ธธ์ด๋ฅผ ๋‹จ์ถ•ํ•˜์—ฌ ์•ˆ์ •์„ฑ์„ ํ™•๋ณดํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค(18,19).

๊ทธ๋ฆผ. 3. ์•ˆ์ •ํ™” ์†Œ์ž ์ถ”๊ฐ€์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ 2ร—50 ยตm ํŠธ๋žœ์ง€์Šคํ„ฐ์˜ ์ตœ๋Œ€๊ฐ€์šฉ์ด๋“๊ณผ ์•ˆ์ •๋„ ์ง€์ˆ˜ K ๋ณ€ํ™” (VGS=โˆ’0.45 V, VDS=3.5 V, IDS=180 mA/mm)

Fig. 3. Variation of maximum available gain(MAG) and stability factor(K) of the 2ร—50 ยตm transistor with the addition of stabilization elements (VGS=โˆ’0.45 V, VDS=3.5 V and IDS=180 mA/mm)

../../Resources/kiee/KIEE.2023.72.7.836/fig3.png

2.2 W-band driver amplifier

W-๋Œ€์—ญ ๋ฐ€๋ฆฌ๋ฏธํ„ฐํŒŒ ์˜์—ญ์—์„œ๋Š” ํŠธ๋žœ์ง€์Šคํ„ฐ๊ฐ€ ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํ•œ ์ด๋“์„ ๋‚ด์ง€ ๋ชปํ•ด ํ‘œ 1์— ์ œ์‹œ๋œ ์„ค๊ณ„ ๋ชฉํ‘œ์ธ 10 dB ์ด์ƒ์˜ ์ด๋“์„ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ๋‹ค๋‹จ ์ฆํญ๊ธฐ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค. ์ฆํญ๊ธฐ์˜ ์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ๋‹จ์—๋Š” 2ร—50 ยตm pHEMT๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์˜€๊ณ  ๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ๋‹จ์—๋Š” 4ร—50 ยตm pHEMT๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ตฌ๋™ ์ถœ๋ ฅ์„ ์ฆ๊ฐ€์‹œ์ผฐ๋‹ค.

ํ‘œ 1. W-๋Œ€์—ญ ๊ตฌ๋™ ์ฆํญ๊ธฐ ๋ฐ ์ „๋ ฅ ์ฆํญ๊ธฐ์˜ ์„ค๊ณ„ ๋ชฉํ‘œ

Table 1. Design specifications of the W-band driver amplifier and power amplifier

Items

Driver amplifier

Power amplifier

Frequency [GHz]

90โˆผ98

Linear gain [dB]

โ‰ฅ 10

โ‰ฅ 15

Return loss [dB]

โ‰ฅ 15

โ‰ฅ 10

Output power [dBm]

โ‰ฅ 18

โ‰ฅ 20

Drain voltage [V]

3.5

Size [mm2]

1.0

1.5

๊ทธ๋ฆผ 4๋Š” ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 2์˜ ์•ˆ์ •ํ™” ํšŒ๋กœ๊ฐ€ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋œ 2ร—50 ยตm ๋ฐ 4ร—50 ยตm ํŠธ๋žœ์ง€์Šคํ„ฐ์˜ ์ด๋“-์›๊ณผ ๋กœ๋“œ-ํ’€ ๋ฐ ์†Œ์Šค-ํ’€ ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค€๋‹ค(20,21). ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 4์˜ ์ด๋“-์›, ๋กœ๋“œ-ํ’€ ๋ฐ ์†Œ์Šค-ํ’€ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” VDS=3.5 V, IDS1=18 mA, IDS2=36 mA์˜ ๋ฐ”์ด์–ด์Šค ์กฐ๊ฑด์—์„œ ์ง„ํ–‰๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋กœ๋“œ-ํ’€ ๋ฐ ์†Œ์Šค-ํ’€์˜ ๋“ฑ๊ณ ์„ (contour) ๊ทธ๋ฆผ์€ 16 dBm์˜ ์ž…๋ ฅ ์ „๋ ฅ์ด ์ธ๊ฐ€๋˜์—ˆ์„ ๋•Œ์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์ด๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 4์˜ GA- circle์€ 94 GHz์—์„œ ํŠธ๋žœ์ง€์Šคํ„ฐ์˜ ๋ถ€ํ•˜๊ฐ€ ๊ณต์•ก ์ •ํ•ฉ ๋˜์—ˆ์„ ๋•Œ ์†Œ์Šค์˜ ์ด๋“์„ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ ๋™์ผํ•œ ์ด๋“ ์—ดํ™”๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋Š” ์†Œ์Šค ์ž„ํ”ผ๋˜์Šค ๊ถค์ ์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ธ๋‹ค. GP-circle์€ ํŠน์ • ์ด๋“์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋Š” ๋ถ€ํ•˜ ์ž„ํ”ผ๋˜์Šค ๊ถค์ ์„ ํ‘œ์‹œํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. 2ร—50 ยตm ํŠธ๋žœ์ง€์Šคํ„ฐ์˜ GA-circle ์ค‘์‹ฌ์ ์€ 7.33โˆ’j13.75 ฮฉ, GP-circle์˜ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์ ์€ 12.56+j8.45 ฮฉ ์ด๋ฉฐ, ์†Œ์Šค ์ž„ํ”ผ๋˜์Šค ZS,1๊ณผ ๋ถ€ํ•˜ ์ž„ํ”ผ๋˜์Šค ZL,1์€ 88~100 GHz์—์„œ ์ตœ์  ์ด๋“ ์†Œ์Šค ๋ฐ ๋ถ€ํ•˜ ์ž„ํ”ผ๋˜์Šค ๊ถค์ ์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ธ๋‹ค.

๊ทธ๋ฆผ. 4. 2ร—50 ยตm ํŠธ๋žœ์ง€์Šคํ„ฐ์˜ ์ด๋“-์› ๋ฐ 4ร—50 ยตm ํŠธ๋žœ์ง€์Šคํ„ฐ์˜ ๋กœ๋“œ-ํ’€/์†Œ์Šค-ํ’€ ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ

Fig. 4. Simulation results for the gain-circles of the 2ร—50 ยตm transistor and the load/source-pull contours of the 4ร—50 ยตm transistor

../../Resources/kiee/KIEE.2023.72.7.836/fig4.png

๊ทธ๋ฆผ. 5. 2๋‹จ ๊ตฌ๋™ ์ฆํญ๊ธฐ ํšŒ๋กœ๋„

Fig. 5. Schematic circuit of the two-stage driver amplifier

../../Resources/kiee/KIEE.2023.72.7.836/fig5.png

๊ทธ๋ฆผ. 6. ์ œ์ž‘๋œ W-๋Œ€์—ญ ๊ตฌ๋™ ์ฆํญ๊ธฐ MMIC

Fig. 6. Fabricated W-band driver amplifier MMIC

../../Resources/kiee/KIEE.2023.72.7.836/fig6.png

๊ตฌ๋™ ์ฆํญ๊ธฐ์˜ ์ด๋“ ๋ฐ ์„ ํ˜•์„ฑ ํ™•๋ณด๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ๋‹จ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ZS,1 ๋ฐ ZL,1๊ณผ ํŠธ๋žœ์ง€์Šคํ„ฐ์˜ ์ž…์ถœ๋ ฅ ๋ฐ˜์‚ฌ ๊ณ„์ˆ˜์˜ ๋ณต์†Œ๊ฐ’(S11*, S22*)์ด ์ ˆ์ถฉ๋˜๋Š” ์˜์—ญ์˜ ์ž„ํ”ผ๋˜์Šค(๊ทธ๋ฆผ 4์˜ opt impedance)๋ฅผ ์„ค๊ณ„ ์ž„ํ”ผ๋˜์Šค๋กœ ์„ค์ •ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค(22). ๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ๋‹จ์€ 4ร—50 ยตm ํŠธ๋žœ์ง€์Šคํ„ฐ์˜ ์†Œ์Šค-ํ’€ ๊ถค์ ์ด GA-circle์˜ ๊ถค์ ๊ณผ ํฌ๊ฒŒ ๋‹ค๋ฅด์ง€ ์•Š์•„ GA-circle๊ณผ ์ค‘์ฒฉ๋˜๋Š” ์†Œ์Šค-ํ’€ ๊ถค์ ์„ ๊ธฐ์ค€์œผ๋กœ ํšŒ๋กœ๋ฅผ ์„ค๊ณ„ํ•ด๋„ ์›ํ•˜๋Š” ์ˆ˜์ค€์˜ ์ด๋“์„ ํ™•๋ณดํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์–ด ์†Œ์Šค-ํ’€ ์ž„ํ”ผ๋˜์Šค๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ์ค€์œผ๋กœ ์„ค์ •ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.

๊ทธ๋ฆผ 5๋Š” ์„ค๊ณ„๋œ 2๋‹จ ๊ตฌ๋™ ์ฆํญ๊ธฐ์˜ ํšŒ๋กœ๋„๋ฅผ ๋„์‹œํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์นฉ์˜ ์†Œํ˜•ํ™”๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด RF ํŒจ๋“œ๋ฅผ ์ž„ํ”ผ๋˜์Šค ์ •ํ•ฉ ์†Œ์ž์˜ ์ผ๋ถ€๋กœ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํŒจ๋“œ ์ค‘์•™์— ์œ„์น˜ํ•˜๋Š” ํ”„๋กœ๋ธŒ์˜ ์œ„์น˜๋ฅผ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜์—ฌ ํŒจ๋“œ ํฌ๊ธฐ์˜ ์ ˆ๋ฐ˜ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์€ ๊ฐœ๋ฐฉ ์Šคํ„ฐ๋ธŒ(open stub)๋กœ ํ•ด์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํ›„๋ฉด ์ ‘์ง€์™€์˜ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ์— ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ๋น„์•„ํ™€(via hole)๊ณผ ์ „์†ก์„ ๋กœ์™€์˜ ๊ฐ„๊ฒฉ, ์ „์†ก์„ ๋กœ์™€ ์ „์†ก์„ ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ๊ฐ„๊ฒฉ์€ ์ปคํ”Œ๋ง์— ์˜ํ•œ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ ์—ดํ™”๊ฐ€ ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๋ฒ”์œ„์—์„œ ์„ค์ •๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ž…๋ ฅ ๋ฐ ์ถœ๋ ฅ ์ •ํ•ฉ ํšŒ๋กœ๋ฅผ ์ตœ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฐ„๋‹จํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ์ž„ํ”ผ๋˜์Šค๊ฐ€ ์กฐ์ •๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ตœ์ข… ์ œ์ž‘๋œ ์นฉ์˜ ํฌ๊ธฐ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 6์— ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ธ ๋ฐ”์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด 1ร—1 mm2 ์ด๋‹ค.

2.3 W-band power amplifier

๊ทธ๋ฆผ 7์˜ W-๋Œ€์—ญ 3๋‹จ ์ „๋ ฅ ์ฆํญ๊ธฐ๋Š” ์„ธ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ๋‹จ์œผ๋กœ ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํ•œ ์ „๋ ฅ์ด ์ „๋‹ฌ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ๋‹จ๊นŒ์ง€๋Š” 2.2์ ˆ์˜ 2๋‹จ ๊ตฌ๋™ ์ฆํญ๊ธฐ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์„ธ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ๋‹จ์€ 4ร—50 ยตm ํŠธ๋žœ์ง€์Šคํ„ฐ 2๊ฐœ๋ฅผ ๋ณ‘๋ ฌ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐํ•˜์—ฌ ์ถœ๋ ฅ ์ „๋ ฅ์„ ๋†’์ด๋Š” ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ์„ ํƒํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค(23). ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 4์˜ 4ร—50 ยตm ํŠธ๋žœ์ง€์Šคํ„ฐ์˜ ๋กœ๋“œ-ํ’€ ๋ฐ ์†Œ์Šค-ํ’€ ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ตœ๋Œ€์ถœ๋ ฅ ์ •ํ•ฉ์„ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, DC ์ฐจ๋‹จ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์บํŒจ์‹œํ„ฐ๋Š” ์ธํ„ฐ๋””์ง€ํ„ธ(interdigital) ์บํŒจ์‹œํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ž„ํ”ผ๋˜์Šค ์ •ํ•ฉ์— ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ์บํŒจ์‹œํ„ฐ์˜ ๊ฐ’์ด ์ž‘์•„ W-๋Œ€์—ญ์—์„œ ์‚ฌ์šฉ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ์ž๊ธฐ ๊ณต์ง„ ์ฃผํŒŒ์ˆ˜(self resonance frequency, SRF)๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋Š” MIM ์บํŒจ์‹œํ„ฐ๋กœ๋Š” ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํ•œ ์ „๋ ฅ์„ ๊ฒฌ๋”œ ์ˆ˜ ์—†๊ณ , ๊ธฐ์ƒ ์บํŒจ์‹œํ„ด์Šค ์„ฑ๋ถ„์ด ์บํŒจ์‹œํ„ฐ ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰ ๊ฐ’์˜ ๋ถ€์ •ํ™•์„ฑ์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ, ์„ ๋กœ ํญ, ๋ฉด์  ๋ฐ ์ž„ํ”ผ๋˜์Šค ๋ณ€ํ™˜ ์ธก๋ฉด์—์„œ ์„ค๊ณ„ ์ž์œ ๋„๊ฐ€ ๋†’์€ ์ธํ„ฐ๋””์ง€ํ„ธ ์บํŒจ์‹œํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ W-๋Œ€์—ญ ์ „๋ ฅ ์ฆํญ๊ธฐ ์นฉ์„ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 8๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด 1ร—1.5 mm2 ํฌ๊ธฐ๋กœ ๊ตฌํ˜„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค(24).

๊ทธ๋ฆผ. 7. 3๋‹จ ์ „๋ ฅ ์ฆํญ๊ธฐ ํšŒ๋กœ๋„

Fig. 7. Schematic circuit of the three-stage power amplifier

../../Resources/kiee/KIEE.2023.72.7.836/fig7.png

๊ทธ๋ฆผ. 8. ์ œ์ž‘๋œ W-๋Œ€์—ญ ์ „๋ ฅ ์ฆํญ๊ธฐ MMIC

Fig. 8. Fabricated W-band power amplifier MMIC

../../Resources/kiee/KIEE.2023.72.7.836/fig8.png

3. MMIC measurement

๊ตฌ๋™ ์ฆํญ๊ธฐ ๋ฐ ์ „๋ ฅ ์ฆํญ๊ธฐ MMIC๋Š” ์บ๋ฆฌ์–ด ์œ„์— ์‹ค๋ฒ„ ์—ํญ์‹œ ์ž‘์—…์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ€์ฐฉํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋ฏธ์„ธํ•œ ์ €์ฃผํŒŒ ์‹ ํ˜ธ์˜ ๋ฐœ์ง„์„ ์–ต์ œํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ DC ํŒจ๋“œ์™€ DC ๋ฐ”์ด์–ด์Šค ์ „์•• ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ๊ฒŒ์ดํŠธ ๋ฐ ๋“œ๋ ˆ์ธ ๋ฐ”์ด์–ด์Šค ํšŒ๋กœ์— 10 nF๊ณผ 100 pF์˜ ๋‹จ์ผ์ธต ์บํŒจ์‹œํ„ฐ(single layer capacitor, SLC)๋ฅผ ๋ณ‘๋ ฌ๋กœ ๋ฐฐ์น˜ํ•˜์—ฌ ์™€์ด์–ด๋ณธ๋”ฉ์œผ๋กœ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐํ•˜์˜€๊ณ  10 ยตF ํƒ„ํƒˆ ์บํŒจ์‹œํ„ฐ๋ฅผ PCB ์œ„์— ์ถ”๊ฐ€ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ธก์ •์„ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค(25). ์นฉ์˜ ํšจ์œจ์ ์ธ ์—ด ๋ฐฉ์ถœ์„ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ PCB ํ•˜๋‹จ์—๋Š” heat sink๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ Al jig๋ฅผ ๋ฐฐ์น˜ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.

S-ํŒŒ๋ผ๋ฏธํ„ฐ ์ธก์ •์€ ์˜จ ์›จ์ดํผ ํ”„๋ฃจ๋ธŒ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ๋ฐ ์ฃผํŒŒ์ˆ˜ ํ™•์žฅ(extender) ๋ชจ๋“ˆ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ง„ํ–‰๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋Œ€์‹ ํ˜ธ ์ธก์ •์€ ์†Œ์Šค ๋ชจ๋“ˆ๊ณผ ํ•˜๋ชจ๋‹‰ ๋ฏน์„œ๋ฅผ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ณ ์ฃผํŒŒ ๋ฏน์‹ฑ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ์ธก์ •ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค(26,27).

๊ทธ๋ฆผ 9๋Š” VDS=3.5 V, IDS1=20 mA, IDS2=40 mA์˜ ๋ฐ”์ด์–ด์Šค ์กฐ๊ฑด์—์„œ 2๋‹จ ๊ตฌ๋™ ์ฆํญ๊ธฐ์˜ S-ํŒŒ๋ผ๋ฏธํ„ฐ ์ธก์ • ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์™€ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋“์€ 92โˆผ94 GHz์—์„œ ์•ฝ 9.5 dB๊ฐ€ ์ธก์ •๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ 90โˆผ98 GHz ์ฃผํŒŒ์ˆ˜์—์„œ 9 dB ์ด์ƒ์˜ ์ด๋“์„ ํ™•๋ณดํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ „์ฒด ์ฃผํŒŒ์ˆ˜ ๋Œ€์—ญ ๊ธฐ์ค€์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋“ ํŠน์„ฑ์€ ์•ฝ 2 GHz ์ƒํ–ฅ ์ด๋™ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ถœ๋ ฅ ๋ฐ˜์‚ฌ ๊ณ„์ˆ˜๋Š” ์„ค๊ณ„ ์ฃผํŒŒ์ˆ˜ ๋Œ€์—ญ์—์„œ 10 dB ์ด์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ธก์ •๋˜์–ด ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜๊ณผ ๊ฑฐ์˜ ์œ ์‚ฌํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์–ป์—ˆ๋‹ค.

3๋‹จ ์ „๋ ฅ ์ฆํญ๊ธฐ๋Š” ๋ฐœ์ง„์„ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ 3๋‹จ ๊ฒŒ์ดํŠธ ๋ฐ”์ด์–ด์Šค ํšŒ๋กœ์˜ ์ง๋ ฌ ์ €ํ•ญ์„ 200 ฮฉ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณ€๊ฒฝํ•˜๊ณ  ๋“œ๋ ˆ์ธ ๋ฐ”์ด์–ด์Šค ํšŒ๋กœ์— 10 ฮฉ์˜ ์ง๋ ฌ ์ €ํ•ญ์„ ์‚ฝ์ž…ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋“œ๋ ˆ์ธ ์ „์••์€ ์ €ํ•ญ์„ ํ†ตํ•œ ์ „์•• ๊ฐ•ํ•˜์™€ ํŠธ๋žœ์ง€์Šคํ„ฐ์˜ ์ „๋‹ฌ ์ปจ๋•ํ„ด์Šค๋ฅผ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜์—ฌ 4 V๋ฅผ ์ธ๊ฐ€ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 10์€ VDS=4 V, IDS1=19 mA, IDS2=36 mA, IDS3=70 mA์˜ ๋ฐ”์ด์–ด์Šค ์กฐ๊ฑด์—์„œ 3๋‹จ ์ „๋ ฅ ์ฆํญ๊ธฐ์˜ S-ํŒŒ๋ผ๋ฏธํ„ฐ ์ธก์ • ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์™€ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 90โˆผ98 GHz์—์„œ 12โˆผ13.6 dB์˜ ์ด๋“์ด ์ธก์ •๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ  ์ „์ฒด์ ์œผ๋กœ 3 dB ์ด๋‚ด์˜ ์ด๋“ ์—ดํ™”๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ถœ๋ ฅ ๋ฐ˜์‚ฌ ๊ณ„์ˆ˜๋Š” 7.5 dB ์ด์ƒ์˜ ๊ฐ’์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋ฉฐ ์•ฝ 4 GHz์˜ ์ฃผํŒŒ์ˆ˜ ์ƒํ–ฅ ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค.

๊ทธ๋ฆผ. 9. W-๋Œ€์—ญ ๊ตฌ๋™ ์ฆํญ๊ธฐ S-ํŒŒ๋ผ๋ฏธํ„ฐ ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜ ๋ฐ ์ธก์ • ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๋น„๊ต

Fig. 9. Comparison of the simulated and measured S-parameter results of the W-band driver amplifier

../../Resources/kiee/KIEE.2023.72.7.836/fig9.png

๊ทธ๋ฆผ. 10. W-๋Œ€์—ญ ์ „๋ ฅ ์ฆํญ๊ธฐ S-ํŒŒ๋ผ๋ฏธํ„ฐ ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜ ๋ฐ ์ธก์ • ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๋น„๊ต

Fig. 10. Comparison of the simulated and measured S-parameter results of the W-band power amplifier

../../Resources/kiee/KIEE.2023.72.7.836/fig10.png

ํ‘œ 2. ๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์™€ ๊ธฐ์กด ๋ฐœํ‘œ๋œ W-๋Œ€์—ญ ์ „๋ ฅ ์ฆํญ๊ธฐ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์˜ ๋น„๊ต

Table 2. Comparison of our work and the previously published W-band power amplifier results

References

Frequency

[GHz]

Power Gain

[dB]

Output power

[dBm]

PAE [%]

Chip size [mm2]

Process

(28)

84โˆผ103

15

21.5

N.A.

2

0.1 ยตm GaAs pHEMT

(29)

75โˆผ110

16.5

15.5

9.6

5

0.1 ยตm GaAs pHEMT

(30)

90

14.5

26

3.7

5

0.1 ยตm GaN HEMT

(31)

93โˆผ95

7.5

25

N.A.

3.7

0.1 ยตm GaAs pHEMT

This work

92โˆผ94

9

18

15.6

1

0.1 ยตm GaAs pHEMT

92โˆผ94

12

19

8.7

1.5

๊ทธ๋ฆผ. 11. W-๋Œ€์—ญ ๊ตฌ๋™ ์ฆํญ๊ธฐ MMIC์˜ ์ถœ๋ ฅ์ „๋ ฅ(Pout)๊ณผ ์ „๋ ฅ์ด๋“(Gp) ์ธก์ • ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ

Fig. 11. Measured output power(Pout) and power gain(Gp) of the W-band driver amplifier MMIC

../../Resources/kiee/KIEE.2023.72.7.836/fig11.png

์ „๋ ฅ ์ฆํญ๊ธฐ์˜ ์ด๋“ ์—ดํ™”๋ฅผ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์„ค๊ณ„์— ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ ํŠธ๋žœ์ง€์Šคํ„ฐ ๋น„์„ ํ˜• ๋ชจ๋ธ ๋Œ€์‹  Win Semiconductor ํšŒ์‚ฌ์—์„œ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๋Š” ํŠธ๋žœ์ง€์Šคํ„ฐ mdf(measurement data format) ์ธก์ • ํŒŒ์ผ์„ ๋Œ€์ฒดํ•˜์—ฌ ์ „๋‹ฌ ์ปจ๋•ํ„ด์Šค gm ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 1๋‹จ์—์„œ 7\%, 2๋‹จ์—์„œ 10\%์˜ gm ํ•˜ํ–ฅ ํŠน์„ฑ์ด ๋„์ถœํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋Š” ์—ดํ™”๋œ ์ด๋“ ์ธก์ •๊ฐ’๊ณผ ์œ ์‚ฌํ•จ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. W-๋Œ€์—ญ์—์„œ ๋น„์„ ํ˜• ํŠธ๋žœ์ง€์Šคํ„ฐ ๋ชจ๋ธ์˜ ๋ถ€์ •ํ™•์„ฑ์€ ์ „์ฒด ํšŒ๋กœ์˜ ์ž…๋ ฅ ๋ฐ˜์‚ฌ์†์‹ค ํŠน์„ฑ ์—ดํ™”๋„ ๋ถˆ๋Ÿฌ์˜ด์„ ์ธก์ •์œผ๋กœ ํ™•์ธ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค.

๊ทธ๋ฆผ 11๊ณผ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 12๋Š” 92โˆผ100 GHz์˜ ์ฃผํŒŒ์ˆ˜ ๊ตฌ๊ฐ„์—์„œ 2 GHz ๊ฐ„๊ฒฉ์œผ๋กœ ์ธก์ •ํ•œ 2๋‹จ ๊ตฌ๋™ ์ฆํญ๊ธฐ์™€ 3๋‹จ ์ „๋ ฅ ์ฆํญ๊ธฐ์˜ ๋‹จ์ผ ํ†ค ์‹ ํ˜ธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ „๋ ฅ ์ด๋“ ๋ฐ ์ถœ๋ ฅ ์ „๋ ฅ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. 92โˆผ94 GHz์—์„œ 2๋‹จ ๊ตฌ๋™ ์ฆํญ๊ธฐ๋Š” ์•ฝ 18 dBm, 3๋‹จ ์ „๋ ฅ ์ฆํญ๊ธฐ๋Š” ์•ฝ 19 dBm์˜ ์ถœ๋ ฅ ์ „๋ ฅํŠน์„ฑ์„ ํ™•๋ณดํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ตฌ๋™ ์ฆํญ๊ธฐ๋Š” ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜๊ณผ ๋น„์Šทํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ํ™•๋ณดํ•˜์˜€์ง€๋งŒ, ์ „๋ ฅ ์ฆํญ๊ธฐ๋Š” ์ด๋“ ์—ดํ™”๋กœ ์ธํ•˜์—ฌ ๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ๋‹จ์—์„œ ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํ•œ ์ „๋ ฅ์ด ์„ธ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ๋‹จ์œผ๋กœ ์ „๋‹ฌ๋˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•ด ์ตœ์ข… ์ถœ๋ ฅ ์ „๋ ฅ์ด ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜์—์„œ ์˜ˆ์ธกํ•œ ๊ฒƒ๋งŒํผ ํ™•๋ณด๋˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.

ํ‘œ 2๋Š” ๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ์กด ๋ฐœํ‘œ๋œ GaAs ๋ฐ GaN ์ „๋ ฅ ์ฆํญ๊ธฐ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ๋“ค์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์™€ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ œ์ž‘๋œ W-๋Œ€์—ญ GaAs MMIC ๊ตฌ๋™ ์ฆํญ๊ธฐ์™€ ์ „๋ ฅ ์ฆํญ๊ธฐ๋Š” ์ž‘์€ ์นฉ ๋ฉด์ ์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์ „๋ ฅ ์ด๋“ ๋ฐ ์ถœ๋ ฅ ์ „๋ ฅ ์ธก๋ฉด์—์„œ ์–‘ํ˜ธํ•œ ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ๋ณด์ž„์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.

๊ทธ๋ฆผ. 12. W-๋Œ€์—ญ ์ „๋ ฅ ์ฆํญ๊ธฐ MMIC์˜ ์ถœ๋ ฅ์ „๋ ฅ(Pout)๊ณผ ์ „๋ ฅ์ด๋“(Gp) ์ธก์ • ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ

Fig. 12. Measured output power(Pout) and power gain(Gp) of the W-band power amplifier MMIC

../../Resources/kiee/KIEE.2023.72.7.836/fig12.png

4. Conclusion

๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์€ 94 GHz์˜ ์ค‘์‹ฌ ์ฃผํŒŒ์ˆ˜์—์„œ ๋™์ž‘ํ•˜๋Š” W-๋Œ€์—ญ 2๋‹จ ๊ตฌ๋™ ์ฆํญ๊ธฐ์™€ 3๋‹จ ์ „๋ ฅ ์ฆํญ๊ธฐ MMIC๋ฅผ ์„ค๊ณ„ ๋ฐ ์ œ์ž‘ํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค. ์ œ์ž‘๋œ ๊ตฌ๋™ ์ฆํญ๊ธฐ MMIC๋Š” 1ร—1 mm2์˜ ํฌ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋ฉฐ, 92โˆผ98 GHz์—์„œ ์ด๋“์€ 9 dB ์ด์ƒ, ์ถœ๋ ฅ ๋ฐ˜์‚ฌ ๊ณ„์ˆ˜๋Š” ์•ฝ 10 dB ์ด์ƒ์„ ๋งŒ์กฑํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, 17โˆผ18 dBm์˜ ์ถœ๋ ฅ ์ „๋ ฅ์„ ๊ฐ€์กŒ๋‹ค. ์ „๋ ฅ ์ฆํญ๊ธฐ MMIC๋Š” 1ร—1.5 mm2๋กœ 90โˆผ98 GHz์—์„œ 12~13.6 dB์˜ ์ด๋“, 5 dB ์ด์ƒ์˜ ์ถœ๋ ฅ ๋ฐ˜์‚ฌ ๊ณ„์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ํ™•๋ณดํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์•ฝ 19 dBm์˜ ์ถœ๋ ฅ ์ „๋ ฅ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ œ์ž‘๋œ W-๋Œ€์—ญ GaAs pHEMT ๊ตฌ๋™ ์ฆํญ๊ธฐ ๋ฐ ์ „๋ ฅ ์ฆํญ๊ธฐ MMIC๋Š” ๊ณ ํ•ด์ƒ๋„ ๋ ˆ์ด๋” ๋ฐ ๊ทผ์ ‘ ์‹ ๊ด€ ๋“ฑ์˜ ๋ฏผ๊ตฐ๊ฒธ์šฉ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์˜ ์†ก์‹  ๋ชจ๋“ˆ์— ํญ๋„“๊ฒŒ ํ™œ์šฉ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.

Acknowledgements

This work was supported by research fund of Chungnam National University.

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์ €์ž์†Œ๊ฐœ

ํ•œ์„ฑํฌ (Seong-Hee, Han)
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He received the B.S. and M.S. degree in Radio Science and Engineering from Chungnam National University, Daejeon, South Korea, in 2021 and 2023, respectively.

He is currently a Ph.D student. His research interests include 3D printing techniques and their applications to microwave devices and components and mm wave & sub-THz front-end monolithic microwave integrated circuit modules.

๊น€๋™์šฑ (Dong-Wook, Kim)
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He received the B.S. degree in electronic communications from Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea, in 1990, and the M.S. and Ph.D. degrees in electrical engineering from the Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Korea, in 1992 and 1996, respectively.

In 1996, he joined the LG Electronics Research Center, where he developed high power devices and monolithic microwave integrated circuits until 2000.

From 2000 to 2002, he led research teams and developed RF integrated passive devices on a thick oxidized Si substrate as a director of the research center in Telephus Inc.

From 2002 to 2004, he was involved with the development of wireless security systems in S1 Corporation, a company of Samsung Group.

In 2004, he joined the faculty of Chungnam National University (CNU), Daejeon, Korea and is working with it.

He is currently a dean of academic affairs in CNU.

His research interests are monolithic microwave integrated circuits and their applications, short range radar modules, and ultra wideband circuits and systems.