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Renewable Energy Generation, Peak-Period Capacity Factor, Effective Load Carrying Capacity

1. ์„œ ๋ก 

์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ํƒ„์†Œ์ค‘๋ฆฝ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์  ๋ฌธ์ œ์™€ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ์ž์› ๋ฌด๊ธฐํ™” ํ™•์‚ฐ ๋“ฑ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ์•ˆ๋ณด ๋ฌธ์ œ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ์ „๋ ฅ๊ณ„ํ†ต์— ์žฌ์ƒ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ๋ณด๊ธ‰์ด ์ฆ๋Œ€๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ตญ๋‚ด์—์„œ๋„ ํ•ด์™ธ์™€ ์œ ์‚ฌํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํƒœ์–‘๊ด‘๋ฐœ์ „๊ณผ ํ’๋ ฅ๋ฐœ์ „์„ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ ์žฌ์ƒ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ๋ณด๊ธ‰์ด ํ™•๋Œ€๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค[1]. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋Œ€๊ทœ๋ชจ ์žฌ์ƒ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ์ „๋ ฅ๊ณ„ํ†ต ๋ณ‘์ž…์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ๊ธฐ์กด ์ „๋ ฅ๊ณ„ํ†ต์—์„œ๋Š” ๋•์ปค๋ธŒ(duck curve)์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ํ˜„์ƒ์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜์—ฌ ์ „๋ ฅ๊ณ„ํ†ต์˜ ์•ˆ์ •์ ์ธ ์šด์˜์— ์–ด๋ ค์›€์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค[2]. ์ด๋Š” ์žฌ์ƒ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ์ถœ๋ ฅ์˜ ๋ถˆํ™•์‹ค์„ฑ๊ณผ ๋ณ€๋™์„ฑ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์ „๋ ฅ๊ณ„ํ†ต์˜ ์•ˆ์ •์„ฑ๊ณผ ์‹ ๋ขฐ์„ฑ์„ ์ œ๊ณ ํ•˜๋ ค๋ฉด ์ถ”๊ฐ€์ ์ธ ๋ฐœ์ „ ์ž์› ํ™•๋ณด๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ, ์žฌ์ƒ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ๋ฐœ์ „์˜ ๋น„์ค‘์ด ๋†’์€ ์ง€์—ญ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ด ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋”์šฑ ์‹ฌ๊ฐํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚œ๋‹ค. ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด, ์ œ์ฃผ๋„์—์„œ๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ์žฌ์ƒ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ์ถœ๋ ฅ ์ œํ•œ์ด ์ด๋ฏธ ๋นˆ๋ฒˆํžˆ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์‹ ๊ทœ HVDC์™€ BESS ๋“ฑ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์„ค๋น„ ๋„์ž…๊ณผ ์ œ์ฃผ ์ „๋ ฅ์‹œ์žฅ ๊ฐœ์„ค์ด ์ถ”์ง„๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค.

์žฌ์ƒ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ๋ฐœ์ „์›์˜ ๊ณต๊ธ‰๋Šฅ๋ ฅ ์‚ฐ์ •์ด ์ „๋ ฅ๊ณ„ํ†ต ์šด์˜์˜ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์š”์†Œ๊ฐ€ ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ์ „ํ™˜ ์ •์ฑ… ์ˆ˜๋ฆฝ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ, ์žฌ์ƒ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ๋ฐœ์ „์ด ํ˜„์žฌ ๋ฐ ๋ฏธ๋ž˜์˜ ์ „๋ ฅ ์ˆ˜์š”๋ฅผ ์ถฉ์กฑํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€ ์—ฌ๋ถ€๋ฅผ ํŒŒ์•…์„ ํ†ตํ•œ ์ „๋ ฅ๊ณ„ํš ์ˆ˜๋ฆฝ์—๋„ ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, ์žฌ์ƒ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ๊ณต๊ธ‰๋Šฅ๋ ฅ ์‚ฐ์ • ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์€ ์ „๋ ฅ์•ˆ์ •์„ฑ ํ™•๋ณด์™€ ์žฌ์ƒ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ๋ฐœ์ „ ํˆฌ์ž๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์„ฑ ๋ถ„์„์„ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋„ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ•œ๋‹ค.

์žฌ์ƒ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ๋ฐœ์ „์€ ๊ธฐ์กด ๋ฐœ์ „ ๋ฐฉ์‹๊ณผ ๊ณต๊ธ‰๋Šฅ๋ ฅ ์‚ฐ์ • ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์—์„œ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ์ „๋ ฅ๊ณ„ํ†ต ์šด์˜์ž๋“ค์€ ์žฌ์ƒ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ๋ฐœ์ „๋Ÿ‰ ์˜ˆ์ธก์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋‹จ๊ธฐ์  ๊ณต๊ธ‰๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์„ ์ถ”์ •ํ•˜๊ณ , ์ด๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ํ•˜๋ฃจ์ „๋ฐœ์ „๊ณ„ํš ๋ฐ ๋ฐœ์ „๊ธฐ๊ธฐ๋™์ •์ง€๊ณ„ํš์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ค‘์žฅ๊ธฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ์›”ยท์—ฐ๋‹จ์œ„๋กœ ์žฌ์ƒ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ๋ฐœ์ „์˜ ๊ณต๊ธ‰๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์„ ์ถ”์ •ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ, ์ด์šฉ๋ฅ  ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ ํ†ต๊ณ„์  ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๊ณผ ์‹ ๋ขฐ๋„ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ ํ™•๋ฅ ๋ก ์  ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋œ๋‹ค. 2023๋…„ 1์›”์— ๋ฐœํ‘œ๋œ ์ œ10์ฐจ ์ „๋ ฅ์ˆ˜๊ธ‰๊ธฐ๋ณธ๊ณ„ํš์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ตญ๋‚ด ์žฌ์ƒ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ๋ฐœ์ „์˜ ๊ณต๊ธ‰๋Šฅ๋ ฅ ์‚ฐ์ •์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ ์ถœ๋ ฅ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ ์ด์šฉ๋ฅ ์„ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ํ†ต๊ณ„์  ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์ ์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์ œ์ฃผ์™€ ์œก์ง€์˜ ์žฌ์ƒ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ์ž์›์˜ ๊ณต๊ธ‰๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์„ ๋ณ„๋„๋กœ ๊ณ„์‚ฐํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด์šฉ๋ฅ  ๊ณ„์‚ฐ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ํ”ผํฌ์‹œ๊ฐ„๋Œ€๋„ ๊ณ„์ ˆ๋ณ„๋กœ ๋ถ„๋ฆฌํ•˜์—ฌ ์ ์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.

๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์˜ ๋ชฉ์ ์€ ์žฌ์ƒ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ๋ฐœ์ „์˜ ๊ณต๊ธ‰๋Šฅ๋ ฅ ์‚ฐ์ • ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๋“ค์„ ์ œ์ฃผ ์ „๋ ฅ๊ณ„ํ†ต์— ์ ์šฉํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๋น„๊ต๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์žฌ์ƒ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ๋ฐœ์ „์˜ ์ „๋ ฅ ์ˆ˜๊ธ‰ ์•ˆ์ •์„ฑ ํ™•๋ณด ๋ฐ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์„ฑ ํ–ฅ์ƒ์„ ๋„๋ชจํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์— ์žˆ๋‹ค.

2. ์žฌ์ƒ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ๋ฐœ์ „ ๊ณต๊ธ‰๋Šฅ๋ ฅ

์ „ํ†ต์ ์ธ ๋ฐœ์ „ ์ž์›์˜ ๊ณต๊ธ‰๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์€ ์ •๊ฒฉ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰, ์„ค๋น„ํšจ์œจ ๋“ฑ ๋น„๊ต์  ํ™•์ •์ ์ธ ์š”์†Œ๋กœ ๊ฒฐ์ •๋œ๋‹ค. ์žฌ์ƒ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ๋ฐœ์ „์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, ๊ธฐํ›„ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์  ์š”์†Œ์— ์˜ํ•ด ๊ณต๊ธ‰๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์ด ๊ฒฐ์ •๋˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์žฌ์ƒ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ๋ฐœ์ „์˜ ๊ณต๊ธ‰๋Šฅ๋ ฅ ์‚ฐ์ •์„ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ์‹คํšจ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰ ์ถ”์ •์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค. ์žฌ์ƒ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ๋ฐœ์ „์˜ ์‹คํšจ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰์€ ํ”ผํฌ๊ธฐ์—ฌ๋„๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ณ„์‚ฐ๋˜๋ฉด ์ˆ˜์‹์œผ๋กœ ํ‘œํ˜„ํ•˜๋ฉด ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค.

(1)
$ ์‹คํšจ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰(MW)\\ = ์ •๊ฒฉ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰(MW)\times ํ”ผํฌ๊ธฐ์—ฌ๋„(\%) $

ํ”ผํฌ๊ธฐ์—ฌ๋„๋Š” ์ผ๋ฐœ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ „๋ ฅ๊ณ„ํ†ต ํ”ผํฌ ์ˆ˜์š” ์‹œ๊ฐ„์˜ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์ „๋ ฅ๊ณ„ํ†ต์˜ ํ”ผํฌ ์ˆ˜์š” ์‹œ๊ฐ„์— ์žฌ์ƒ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ๋ฐœ์ „์˜ ๊ธฐ์—ฌ๋„๋ฅผ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ๋Š” ์ง€ํ‘œ๋กœ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์žฌ์ƒ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ๋ฐœ์ „์˜ ๊ณต๊ธ‰๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์„ ์ˆ˜์š” ์ธก๋ฉด์—์„œ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜๋ฉด ํ”ผํฌ๊ธฐ์—ฌ๋„๋Š” ์ „๋ ฅ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์˜ ์ ์ • ์‹ ๋ขฐ๋„๊ฐ€ ์œ ์ง€๋˜๋ฉด์„œ ์ „๋ ฅ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์—์„œ ์ถ”๊ฐ€ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ถ€ํ•˜์ˆ˜์ค€(load level)์œผ๋กœ ์ •์˜๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค[3]-[6]. ํ”ผํฌ๊ธฐ์—ฌ๋„๋ฅผ ์‚ฐ์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ์ด์šฉ๋ฅ ์„ ์ด์šฉํ•œ PPCF(Peak-Period Capacity Factor)๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๊ณผ ELCC(Effective Load Carrying Capacity)๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋‘ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์˜ ํŠน์ง•์€ ๋‹ค์Œ ํ‘œ์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ์ •๋ฆฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.

ํ‘œ 1 ์žฌ์ƒ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ํ”ผํฌ๊ธฐ์—ฌ๋„ ์‚ฐ์ • ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• ๋น„๊ต.

Table 1 Comparison of methods for calculating renewable energy peak contribution

๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•

์žฅ์ 

๋‹จ์ 

PPCF

โ–  ๊ณ„์‚ฐ๊ณผ์ • ๋‹จ์ˆœํ•˜์—ฌ ์ ์šฉํ•˜๊ธฐ ์‰ฌ์›€

โ–  ๋ถˆํ™•์‹ค์„ฑ ๋ฏธ๋ฐ˜์˜

ELCC

โ–  ์‹ ๋ขฐ๋„ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ ์ ‘๊ทผ๋ฒ•

โ–  ๊ณต๊ธ‰์„ค๋น„๋ถˆํ™•์‹ค์„ฑ ๋ฐ˜์˜

โ–  ์ž…๋ ฅ์ž๋ฃŒ๋ฐฉ๋Œ€

โ–  ๊ณ„์‚ฐ๊ณผ์ •๋ณต์žก

์ œ10์ฐจ ์ „๋ ฅ์ˆ˜๊ธ‰๊ธฐ๋ณธ๊ณ„ํš์—์„œ๋Š” ์ดˆ๊ณผ์ˆ˜์ค€ ๋ฐฉ์‹์„ ์ ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์žฌ์ƒ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ๋ฐœ์ „ ์ž์›์˜ ํ”ผํฌ๊ธฐ์—ฌ๋„๋ฅผ ์ถ”์ •ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ดˆ๊ณผ์ˆ˜์ค€ ๋ฐฉ์‹์€ ์ด์šฉ๋ฅ  ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ ํ†ต๊ณ„์  ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์ ์šฉํ•œ PPCF ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์˜ ํ•œ ์ข…๋ฅ˜๋กœ ์ด์šฉ๋ฅ ์˜ 50% ๊ธฐ๋Œ“๊ฐ’ ๋Œ€์‹  ํ•˜ํ•œ๊ฐ’์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด๋‹ค. ์ „๋ ฅ์ˆ˜๊ธ‰๊ธฐ๋ณธ๊ณ„ํš์—์„œ๋Š” ์œก์ง€์™€ ์ œ์ฃผ ์žฌ์ƒ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ๋ฐœ์ „์˜ ํ”ผํฌ๊ธฐ์—ฌ๋„๋ฅผ ์ถ”์ • ์‹œ, ์ด์šฉ๋ฅ  ๊ณ„์‚ฐ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์‹œ๊ฐ„๋Œ€๋ฅผ ์ตœ๊ทผ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ˜์˜ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ˆ˜์ •ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ ๋™์‹œ์— ํ•˜์œ„ 10% ์ดˆ๊ณผ์ˆ˜์ค€์œผ๋กœ ์ถ”์ •ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.

๊ตญ์™ธ ์ „๋ ฅ๊ณ„ํ†ต ์šด์˜๊ธฐ๊ด€์—์„œ๋Š” ELCC ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์ตœ๊ทผ์— ๋” ๋งŽ์ด ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค[7]-[11]. ์ด๋Š” ์žฌ์ƒ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ์ „์› ๋ณด๊ธ‰ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ๋Œ€๋น„ ์žฌ์ƒ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ๋ฐœ์ „์›์˜ ์ „๋ ฅ๊ณ„ํ†ต ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ฑ์ด ๋†’์•„์กŒ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๊ณต๊ธ‰์„ค๋น„์˜ ๋ถˆํ™œ์‹ค์„ฑ์„ ๋ฐ˜์˜ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ELCC ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์„ ํ˜ธํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ํŒ๋‹จ๋œ๋‹ค.

์žฌ์ƒ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ๋ฐœ์ „ ๊ณต๊ธ‰๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์€ ๋ณด๊ธ‰๋ฅ ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์‹คํšจ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰์ด ์ž‘์•„์ง€๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 1์€ ๋ถ๋ฏธ ์ „๋ ฅ๊ณ„ํ†ต์šด์˜๊ธฐ๊ด€์ธ MISO์˜ ์ž๋ฃŒ๋กœ ํ’๋ ฅ๋ฐœ์ „์˜ ๋ณด๊ธ‰๋ฅ  ์ฆ๊ฐ€์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์‹คํšจ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰์ด ์ž‘์•„์ง€๋Š” ํ˜„์ƒ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ด์œ ๋Š” ์žฌ์ƒ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ๋ฐœ์ „ ๋ณด๊ธ‰์ด ๋†’์•„์ง์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋•์ปค๋ธŒ์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ์ „๋ ฅ๊ณ„ํ†ต์˜ ํ”ผํฌ ์ „๋ ฅ์ˆ˜์š” ๋ฐœ์ƒ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ์žฌ์ƒ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ๋ฐœ์ „๋Ÿ‰์ด ์ž‘์€ ์‹œ๊ฐ„๋Œ€๋กœ ์ด๋™ํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ํ˜„์ƒ์€ ์ „๋ ฅ๊ณ„ํ†ต์˜ ๊ณต๊ธ‰์ง€์žฅ์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์‹œ๊ฐ„๋Œ€ ์ด๋™๊ณผ ์‹œ๊ฐ„๋Œ€์˜ ๋‹ค๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ์ผ์œผํ‚จ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ํ˜„์ƒ์€ ๊ตญ๋‚ด๋„ ์ด๋ฏธ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค.

์žฌ์ƒ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ์ž์›์˜ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ™”๋Š” ๋ฐœ์ „ ํŠน์„ฑ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ํƒ€ ์žฌ์ƒ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ๋ฐœ์ „์›์˜ ํ”ผํฌ๊ธฐ์—ฌ๋„์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ค„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด ์ „๋ ฅ๊ณ„ํ†ต์— ํƒœ์–‘๊ด‘๋ฐœ์ „ ๋น„์ค‘์ด ๋†’์„ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, ์ผ๋ชฐ ์ดํ›„์ธ ์ €๋… ์‹œ๊ฐ„์œผ๋กœ ์ „๋ ฅ๊ณ„ํ†ต ํ”ผํฌ์ˆ˜์š” ์‹œ๊ฐ„๋Œ€๊ฐ€ ์ด๋™ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜๊ณ  ์ด๋Ÿด ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ €๋… ์‹œ๊ฐ„๋Œ€์— ๋งŽ์€ ๋ฐœ์ „๋Ÿ‰์„ ๋ณด์ด๋Š” ํ’๋ ฅ๋ฐœ์ „์˜ ํ”ผํฌ๊ธฐ์—ฌ๋„๊ฐ€ ๋†’์•„์งˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์žฌ์ƒ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ๋ฐœ์ „ ๋‹จ๋…์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ESS ์—ฐ๊ณ„ ์‹œ ํ”ผํฌ๊ธฐ์—ฌ๋„ ์‚ฐ์ • ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด ๋‹ฌ๋ผ์งˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ถ๋ฏธ ๋‹ค์ˆ˜์˜ ์ „๋ ฅ๊ณ„ํ†ต ์šด์˜๊ธฐ๊ด€์—์„œ๋Š” ์ด์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ถ„์„์„ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค[13].

ํ‘œ 2 ๋ถ๋ฏธ ์ „๋ ฅ๊ณ„ํ†ต ์šด์˜๊ธฐ๊ด€์˜ ์žฌ์ƒ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ํ”ผํฌ๊ธฐ์—ฌ๋„ ์‚ฐ์ • ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•

Table 2 Capacity factor calculation methods used for North American power system operators

๊ธฐ๊ด€

2012๋…„

์ตœ๊ทผ

๋น„๊ณ 

CPUC/

CAISO

PPCF

ELCC

โ–  '23 ์ ์šฉ ๊ณต๊ธ‰๋Šฅ๋ ฅ๊ธฐ์ค€

-ํƒœ์–‘๊ด‘ 7.8%

-ํ’๋ ฅ 13.9%

MISO

ELCC

ELCC

โ–  '20-'21 Wind ELCC: 16.6%

- ํƒœ์–‘๊ด‘์€ PPCF ์ ์šฉ

NYISO

PPCF

PPCF

โ–  ELCC์ ์šฉ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ž‘์—… ์ค‘('21 ๋ณด๊ณ ์„œ ์˜ˆ์‹œ)

- ํƒœ์–‘๊ด‘ 16%~24%

- ์œก์ƒํ’๋ ฅ 12%

- ํ•ด์ƒํ’๋ ฅ 18%

PJM

PPCF

ELCC

โ–  '23 PreliminiaryELCC

- Fixed ํƒœ์–‘๊ด‘29%

- Tracking ํƒœ์–‘๊ด‘ 54%

- ์œก์ƒํ’๋ ฅ13%

- ํ•ด์ƒํ’๋ ฅ27%

ISONE

PPCF

ELCC

-

๊ทธ๋ฆผ 1. ํ’๋ ฅ๋ฐœ์ „ ์„ค๋น„์šฉ๋Ÿ‰ ๋ณ€ํ™”์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์žฌ์ƒ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ์‹คํšจ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰ ๋ณ€ํ™” [12]

Fig. 1. Effective capacity according to penetration rate [12]

../../Resources/kiee/KIEE.2024.73.2.237/fig1.png

3. ์žฌ์ƒ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ๋ฐœ์ „ ๊ณต๊ธ‰๋Šฅ๋ ฅ ์‚ฐ์ • ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•

3.1 PPCF(Peak-Period Capacity Factor) ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•

PPCF๋Š” ์ง€์ •๋œ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„์˜ ์ „๋ ฅ๊ณ„ํ†ต ํ”ผํฌ๋ถ€ํ•˜ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์˜ ์žฌ์ƒ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ๋ฐœ์ „์˜ ์ด์šฉ๋ฅ (CF, Capacity Factor)์„ ๊ณ„์‚ฐํ•˜์—ฌ ํ†ต๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์‹คํšจ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰์„ ๊ณ„์‚ฐํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด๋ฉฐ ์ˆ˜์‹์œผ๋กœ ํ‘œํ˜„ํ•˜๋ฉด ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค.

(2)
$ \begin{align*} CF_{t}=\dfrac{MW_{t}}{MW_{Ca pc y}}\\ \\ PPCF=\dfrac{\sum_{t\in T}CF_{t}}{T} \end{align*} $

์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ, $CF_{t}$์™€ $MW_{t}$๋Š” $t$์‹œ๊ฐ„์˜ ์ด์šฉ๋ฅ ๊ณผ ์žฌ์ƒ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ๋ฐœ์ „์˜ ๋ฐœ์ „๋Ÿ‰์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ๋‹ค. $MW_{Ca pac y}$๋Š” ์žฌ์ƒ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ๋ฐœ์ „์˜ ์ •๊ฒฉ์„ค๋น„ ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๋ฉฐ, $T$๋Š” ์ „๋ ฅ๊ณ„ํ†ต ํ”ผํฌ์‹œ๊ฐ„๋Œ€๋ฅผ ์˜๋ฏธํ•˜๋ฉฐ, $t$๋Š” ํ”ผํฌ์‹œ๊ฐ„๋Œ€์— ์†ํ•˜๋Š” ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด๋‹ค.

PPCF ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์—์„œ๋Š” ์ด์šฉ๋ฅ ์˜ ๋‹จ์ˆœ ํ‰๊ท  ํ˜น์€ ์‹ ๋ขฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ„์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ํ•˜์œ„๊ฐ’์ธ ์ดˆ๊ณผ์ˆ˜์ค€(exceedance level)์„ ์ ์šฉํ•œ๋‹ค. ์žฌ์ƒ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ๋ฐœ์ „์ด ์œ„์น˜ํ•œ ์ง€์—ญ๋ณ„, ๊ณ„์ ˆ๋ณ„, ์›”๋ณ„, ์‹œ๊ฐ„๋ณ„ ๋ถ„์„์— ์ ์šฉํ•˜๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋น„๊ต์  ์‰ฝ๋‹ค๋Š” ์žฅ์ ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค.

3.2 ELCC(Effective Load Carrying Capacity) ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•

ELCC๋Š” ์‹ ๋ขฐ๋„ ์ง€์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•œ ํ™•๋ฅ ๋ก ์  ๊ณต๊ธ‰๋Šฅ๋ ฅ ์‚ฐ์ • ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ๊ธฐ์กด ์ „๋ ฅ๊ณ„ํ†ต์—์„œ ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฐœ์ „์› ์ถ”๊ฐ€์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์ „๋ ฅ์ˆ˜์š” ๊ณต๊ธ‰๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์„ ๊ณ„์‚ฐํ•˜์—ฌ ์ถ”๊ฐ€๋œ ์žฌ์ƒ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ๋ฐœ์ „์›์˜ ์œ ํšจ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰์œผ๋กœ ์ถ”์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด๋‹ค. ELCC๋Š” ๋™์ผํ•œ ์‹ ๋ขฐ๋„ ์ง€์ˆ˜์ธ LOLE(Loss of Load Expectation) ์กฐ๊ฑด์„ ๋งŒ์กฑํ•  ๋•Œ(์‹ ๋ขฐ๋„ ์ง€ํ‘œ ๊ฐ์†Œ ์—†์ด) ์žฌ์ƒ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ๋ฐœ์ „์› ์ถ”๊ฐ€์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์ถ”๊ฐ€๋œ ๊ณต๊ธ‰๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 2์—์„œ๋Š” ์˜ˆ์‹œ๋กœ 1,000MW ์„ค๋น„์šฉ๋Ÿ‰์˜ ์žฌ์ƒ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ๋ฐœ์ „์ด ์ „๋ ฅ๊ณ„ํ†ต์— ์ถ”๊ฐ€๋˜์—ˆ์„ ๋•Œ ELCC ์ ์šฉ ์‹œ 200MW๋กœ ์‹คํšจ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰์„ ์ถ”์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๊ฐœ๋…์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค€๋‹ค.

๊ทธ๋ฆผ 2. ELCC ๊ฐœ๋… ์˜ˆ์‹œ

Fig. 2. Example of ELCC concept

../../Resources/kiee/KIEE.2024.73.2.237/fig2.png

ELCC ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์€ ์ง€์ •๋œ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ „๋ ฅ์ˆ˜์š”์™€ Netload์˜ LOLE๋ฅผ ๊ณ„์‚ฐํ•œ ํ›„ ๋™์ผ ์‹ ๋ขฐ๊ธฐ์ค€์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์ตœ๋Œ€์ „๋ ฅ์ˆ˜์š”๋ฅผ ๊ฐ๊ฐ ๊ณ„์‚ฐํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ทธ ์ฐจ๋งŒํผ์„ ์‹คํšจ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰์œผ๋กœ ์ถ”์ •ํ•œ๋‹ค[14]-[15]. ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ์ ˆ์ฐจ๋Š” ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค.

Step1) ๋ฐœ์ „๊ธฐ์˜ ๊ณ ์žฅ์ •์ง€์œจ(FOR, Forced Outage Rate) ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ณต๊ธ‰์šฉ๋Ÿ‰๋ณ„๊ณ ์žฅํ™•๋ฅ (COPT, Capacity Outage Probability Table) ๊ณ„์‚ฐ

Step2) ์ง€์ •๋œ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์‹œ๊ฐ„๋ณ„ LOLP(Loss of Load Probability) ๊ณ„์‚ฐ

Step3) ์ง€์ •๋œ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ LOLE ๊ณ„์‚ฐ

Step4) ์ง€์ •๋œ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„ ์ „์ฒด์— โˆ†L์„ ๋”ํ•ด์„œ ์‹ ๋ขฐ๊ธฐ์ค€๊นŒ์ง€ ์ „๋ ฅ์ˆ˜์š”๋ฅผ ์กฐ์ •ํ•จ. ๊ทธ ๋•Œ์˜ ์ตœ๋Œ€์ „๋ ฅ์ˆ˜์š” ๊ธฐ๋ก(PL1)

Step5) Netload๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•ด์„œ Step3~5 ๋ฐ˜๋ณตํ•˜์—ฌ PL2๊ธฐ๋ก

Step6) ELCC(capacity value) ๊ณ„์‚ฐ : PL2- PL1

4. ์‚ฌ๋ก€ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ

๋ณธ ์žฅ์—์„œ๋Š” ์•ž ์žฅ์—์„œ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•œ ์žฌ์ƒ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ๋ฐœ์ „ ๊ณต๊ธ‰๋Šฅ๋ ฅ ์ถ”์ • ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ธ PPCF์™€ ELCC์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ œ์ฃผ๋„ ์žฌ์ƒ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ๋ฐœ์ „์›์˜ ์‹คํšจ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰์„ ์ถ”์ •ํ•ด๋ณด์•˜๋‹ค. ์‚ฌ๋ก€์—ฐ๊ตฌ์— ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๋Š” ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋Š” 2017๋…„~2021๋…„์˜ ์ œ์ฃผ๋„ HVDC๋ฅผ ํฌํ•จํ•œ ์ค‘์•™๋ฐœ๊ฑด๊ธฐ์™€ ์žฌ์ƒ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ๋ฐœ์ „์˜ ์ถœ๋ ฅ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ์™€ ๋ฐœ์ „๊ธฐ ํŠน์„ฑ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.

์ œ์ฃผ๋„ ์ „๋ ฅ๊ณ„ํ†ต์˜ ์ผ๋ณ„ ์ „๋ ฅ์ˆ˜์š” ํ”ผํฌ ๋ฐœ์ƒ์‹œ๊ฐ„์€ 19์‹œ~21์‹œ ์‚ฌ์ด์— ๋ฐœ์ƒ ๋นˆ๋„๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋†’๋‹ค(๊ทธ๋ฆผ 3). ํ๋ฆฐ ๋‚ ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์˜ค์ „์ด๋‚˜ ๋‚ฎ์‹œ๊ฐ„์—๋„ ์ผ๋ณ„ ํ”ผํฌ์ˆ˜์š”๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•œ๋‹ค. 2021๋…„์—๋Š” 2017๋…„ ๋Œ€๋น„ ์—ฌ๋ฆ„์ฒ ์—๋„ ๋‚ฎ ์‹œ๊ฐ„๋Œ€๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹Œ ์ €๋… ์‹œ๊ฐ„์— ํ”ผํฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค(๊ทธ๋ฆผ 4 ์™€ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 5).

๊ทธ๋ฆผ 3. ์ผ๋ณ„ ์ตœ๋Œ€ ์ „๋ ฅ์ˆ˜์š” ๋ฐœ์ƒ ์‹œ๊ฐ„ (2017๋…„ ~ 2021๋…„)

Fig. 3. Daily peak time of electricity demand from 2017 to 2021

../../Resources/kiee/KIEE.2024.73.2.237/fig3.png

๊ทธ๋ฆผ 4. 2017๋…„๊ณผ 2021๋…„์˜ ์ตœ๋Œ€ ์ „๋ ฅ์ˆ˜์š” ๋ฐœ์ƒ ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๋น„๊ต

Fig. 4. Comparison of the daily peak time of electricity demand between 2017 and 2021

../../Resources/kiee/KIEE.2024.73.2.237/fig4.png

๊ทธ๋ฆผ 5. 2021๋…„ ์ œ์ฃผ๋„ ์ตœ๋Œ€ ์ „๋ ฅ์ˆ˜์š” ๋ฐœ์ƒ ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๋ถ„ํฌ

Fig. 5. Daily peak time of electricity demand in 2021

../../Resources/kiee/KIEE.2024.73.2.237/fig5.png

4.1 PPCF ์‚ฌ๋ก€ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ

PPCF๋ฅผ ์ ์šฉํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ œ์ฃผ๋„ ์žฌ์ƒ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ๋ฐœ์ „์˜ ์ „๋ ฅ๊ณ„ํ†ต ํ”ผํฌ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์˜ ์ด์šฉ๋ฅ ์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•ด ๋ณด์•˜๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 6์—์„œ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 8์€ ๊ฐ๊ฐ ํƒœ์–‘๊ด‘๋ฐœ์ „, ํ’๋ ฅ๋ฐœ์ „, ํƒœ์–‘๊ด‘๋ฐœ์ „๊ณผ ํ’๋ ฅ๋ฐœ์ „์˜ ์ผ๋ณ„ ํ”ผํฌ ์ „๋ ฅ์ˆ˜์š”์˜ ์ด์šฉ๋ฅ  ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์—ฐ๋„๋ณ„๋กœ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 6์—์„œ ํ™•์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋“ฏ์ด ํƒœ์–‘๊ด‘๋ฐœ์ „์€ ์˜คํ›„ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์— ์ „๋ ฅ์ˆ˜์š” ํ”ผํฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ํ•˜๊ณ„์—๋Š” ์ด์šฉ๋ฅ ์ด ๋†’๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„์—๋Š” ๋‚ฎ์€ ๊ฐ’์„ ๋ณด์ธ๋‹ค. ์ด์™€ ๋Œ€์กฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ’๋ ฅ๋ฐœ์ „์€ 1๋…„ ์ „์ฒด์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ”ผํฌ์‹œ๊ฐ„๋Œ€์˜ ์ด์šฉ๋ฅ ์ด ๋†’์€ ๊ฒƒ์„ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 7์—์„œ ํ™•์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 9์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ํƒœ์–‘๊ด‘๋ฐœ์ „๊ณผ ํ’๋ ฅ๋ฐœ์ „์„ ํ•ฉ์ณ์„œ ์ด์šฉ๋ฅ ์„ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋ฉด ํ’๋ ฅ๋ฐœ์ „ ์„ค๋น„์˜ ๋ฐœ์ „์„ค๋น„ ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰์ด ํƒœ์–‘๊ด‘๋ฐœ์ „๋ณด๋‹ค ์ž‘๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์ „๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚ฎ์€ ์‹คํšจ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰(%) ๊ฐ’์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค€๋‹ค.

๊ทธ๋ฆผ 9๋Š” ์—ฐ๋„๋ณ„ ํ”ผํฌ๊ธฐ์—ฌ๋„์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ์›”๋ณ„๋กœ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋ž˜ํ”„์ด๋‹ค. ์ œ์ฃผ๋„์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋„ ์žฌ์ƒ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ๋ฐœ์ „์˜ ๋ณด๊ธ‰๋ฅ  ์ฆ๊ฐ€์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ PPCF๊ฐ€ ๋‚ฎ์•„์ง€๋Š” ํ˜„์ƒ์ด ๋ณด์—ฌ์ง€๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์ถ”์šด ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„์— PPCF๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„์— ๋น„ํ•ด ์ƒ๋Œ€์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋†’๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์„ ๋ณด์ธ๋‹ค.

๊ทธ๋ฆผ 6. ํƒœ์–‘๊ด‘ ๋ฐœ์ „์˜ ์ผ๋ณ„ ์ตœ๋Œ€์ „๋ ฅ ์ˆ˜์š” ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ์ด์šฉ๋ฅ  (2017๋…„ ~ 2021๋…„)

Fig. 6. Daily PV capacity factor from 2017 to 2021

../../Resources/kiee/KIEE.2024.73.2.237/fig6.png

๊ทธ๋ฆผ 7. ํ’๋ ฅ ๋ฐœ์ „์˜ ์ผ๋ณ„ ์ตœ๋Œ€์ „๋ ฅ ์ˆ˜์š” ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ์ด์šฉ๋ฅ  (2017๋…„ ~ 2021๋…„)

Fig. 7. Daily wind capacity factor from 2017 to 2021

../../Resources/kiee/KIEE.2024.73.2.237/fig7.png

๊ทธ๋ฆผ 8. ์žฌ์ƒ์—๋„ˆ์ง€(ํƒœ์–‘๊ด‘+ํ’๋ ฅ) ๋ฐœ์ „์˜ ์ผ๋ณ„ ์ตœ๋Œ€์ „๋ ฅ์ˆ˜์š” ์‹œ๊ฐ„์˜ ์ด์šฉ๋ฅ  (2017๋…„ ~ 2021๋…„)

Fig. 8. Utilization rate of daily peak load hours for renewable energy (Solar + Wind) Generation (2017-2021)

../../Resources/kiee/KIEE.2024.73.2.237/fig8.png

๊ทธ๋ฆผ 9. ์žฌ์ƒ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ์›”๋ณ„ PPCF ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ (2017๋…„ ~ 2021๋…„)

Fig. 9. Monthly PPCF results of renewable energy (2017 ~ 2021)

../../Resources/kiee/KIEE.2024.73.2.237/fig9.png

์ „๋ ฅ๊ณ„ํ†ต์˜ ์—ฐ์ค‘ ํ”ผํฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ํ•˜๊ณ„ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๊ตญ๋‚ด ์ „๋ ฅ์ˆ˜๊ธ‰๊ธฐ๋ณธ๊ณ„ํš์—์„œ ์ ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ์ตœ๊ทผ 3๊ฐœ๋…„(2019-2021) ํ”ผํฌ ์‹œ๊ฐ„๋Œ€(14์‹œ~18์‹œ)์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ์ดˆ๊ณผ์ˆ˜์ค€(ํ•˜์œ„ 10%)์„ ์ ์šฉํ•ด ๋ณด์•˜๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ํ‰๊ท  ์ˆ˜์ค€๊ณผ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด 50% ํ™•๋ฅ  ๊ฐ’๊ณผ ๋น„๊ตํ•ด ๋ณด์•˜์œผ๋ฉฐ ๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์žฌ์ƒ์—๋„ˆ์ง€์›๋ณ„๋กœ ํ‘œ3์— ํ‘œ์‹œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํ‘œ 3์€ ํƒœ์–‘๊ด‘๋ฐœ์ „๊ณผ ํ’๋ ฅ๋ฐœ์ „์„ ๊ฐ๊ฐ ์ ์šฉํ–ˆ์„ ๋•Œ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋™์‹œ ์ ์šฉ ์‹œ ํ”ผํฌ๊ธฐ์—ฌ๋„๊ฐ€ ๋†’์•„์ง€๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ํ•˜์œ„ 10% ์ดํ•˜์˜ ์ด์šฉ๋ฅ ์„ ๋ณด์ด๋Š” ์‹œ๊ฐ„๋Œ€๊ฐ€ ํƒœ์–‘๊ด‘๋ฐœ์ „๊ณผ ํ’๋ ฅ๋ฐœ์ „์ด ๋‹ค๋ฅด๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์žฌ์ƒ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ๋ฐœ์ „์˜ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ™”๊ฐ€ ํ”ผํฌ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ์ด์šฉ๋ฅ ์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ฃผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 10 ~ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 12 ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ด์šฉ๋ฅ  ๊ตฌ๊ฐ„๋ณ„ ๋นˆ๋„์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๋ฐœ์ „๊ธฐ ์กฐ๊ฑด์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ํ™•์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.

ํ‘œ 3 ์žฌ์ƒ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋ณ„ PPCF ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ

Table 3 Comparison of PPCF results by renewable energy composition

50%

์ˆ˜์ค€(%)

ํ•˜์œ„ 10%

์ˆ˜์ค€(%)

๋น„๊ณ 

ํƒœ์–‘๊ด‘๋ฐœ์ „

28.8

6.9

-

ํ’๋ ฅ๋ฐœ์ „

16.9

1.1

2% ์ดํ•˜ 100๊ฐœ

ํƒœ์–‘๊ด‘๋ฐœ์ „+ํ’๋ ฅ๋ฐœ์ „

45.7

17.6

-

๊ทธ๋ฆผ 10. ํƒœ์–‘๊ด‘ ๋ฐœ์ „ PPCF ๋ถ„ํฌ (2019๋…„ ~ 2021๋…„)

Fig. 10. PV generation PPCF from 2019 to 2021

../../Resources/kiee/KIEE.2024.73.2.237/fig10.png

๊ทธ๋ฆผ 11. ํ’๋ ฅ ๋ฐœ์ „ PPCF ๋ถ„ํฌ (2019๋…„ ~ 2021๋…„)

Fig. 11. Wind generation PPCF from 2019 to 2021

../../Resources/kiee/KIEE.2024.73.2.237/fig11.png

๊ทธ๋ฆผ 12. ์žฌ์ƒ์—๋„ˆ์ง€(ํƒœ์–‘๊ด‘+ํ’๋ ฅ) PPCF ๋ถ„ํฌ (2019๋…„ ~ 2021๋…„)

Fig. 12. PV and Wind generation PPCF from 2019 to 2021

../../Resources/kiee/KIEE.2024.73.2.237/fig12.png

4.2 ELCC ์‚ฌ๋ก€ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ

ELCC ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์ ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ œ์ฃผ๋„ ์žฌ์ƒ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ๋ฐœ์ „์˜ ๊ณต๊ธ‰๋Šฅ๋ ฅ ์‚ฐ์ •์„ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋œ ์‹ ๋ขฐ๋„ ์ง€์ˆ˜๋Š” ๊ตญ๋‚ด ์‹ ๋ขฐ๋„ ๊ธฐ์ค€์ด 0.3์ผ/์—ฐ(=7.2์‹œ๊ฐ„/์—ฐ)์„ ์ ์šฉํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋ฐœ์ „๊ธฐ ์„ค๋น„์šฉ๋Ÿ‰ ๋ฐ ์ถœ๋ ฅ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋Š” 2021๋…„ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์‚ฌ๋ก€์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ์ œ์•ฝ ์‚ฌํ•ญ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ์ˆ˜๊ธ‰์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋กœ ์ œ์ฃผ๋„ ๋‚ด PPA(Power Purchase Agreement)์™€ ์ƒ๊ณ„๊ฑฐ๋ž˜ ์žฌ์ƒ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ๋ฐœ์ „ ์ž์›, ์žฌ์ƒ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ๋ฐœ์ „ ์ถœ๋ ฅ์ œํ•œ๋Ÿ‰, ์ˆ˜์š”์ž์›์‹œ์žฅ ์ฐธ์—ฌ ์‹ค์ ์€ ๋ฏธ๋ฐ˜์˜๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฏธ๋ฐ˜์˜ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋Š” ์ „์ฒด ์ „๋ ฅ์ˆ˜์š”์™€ ์žฌ์ƒ์—๋„ˆ์ง€๋ฐœ์ „๋Ÿ‰ ๋Œ€๋น„ ์ƒ๋Œ€์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ž‘์€ ๊ฐ’์ด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์— ํฐ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ฃผ์ง€ ์•Š์„ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ํŒ๋‹จ ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ถ”๊ฐ€๋กœ ๊ณต๊ธ‰์šฉ๋Ÿ‰๋ณ„ ๊ณ ์žฅํ™•๋ฅ (COPT) ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๋Š” ๋ฐœ์ „๊ธฐ ๊ณ ์žฅ์ •์ง€์œจ(FOR, Forced Outage Rate)์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๋ฐœ์ „๊ธฐ๋ณ„ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ํ™•๋ณด๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋ ค์›Œ ์ผ๊ด„์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋™์ผํ•œ ๊ฐ’์„ ์ ์šฉํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ 1%~20%๋กœ ์‚ฌ๋ก€์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ํ‘œ 4๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋ก€์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ ์ œ์ฃผ๋„ ์ค‘์•™๋ฐœ์ „๊ธฐ ๋ชฉ๋ก์ด๋‹ค. HVDC๋Š” ์ œ์ฃผ๋„์—์„œ ๋ฐœ์ „๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ทจ๊ธ‰ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์„ค๋น„์šฉ๋Ÿ‰์ด ์•„๋‹Œ ์‹ค๊ณ„ํ†ต ์šด์˜์—์„œ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณต๊ธ‰๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์„ ์ ์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.

ํ‘œ 4 ์ค‘์•™๋ฐœ์ „๊ธฐ ์„ค๋น„์šฉ๋Ÿ‰

Table 4 Capacity of centralized power generation facilities

๋ฐœ์ „๊ธฐ

์„ค๋น„์šฉ๋Ÿ‰

(MW)

๋ฐœ์ „๊ธฐ

์„ค๋น„์šฉ๋Ÿ‰

(MW)

๋‚จ์ œ์ฃผ๋ณตํ•ฉ

146.25

์ œ์ฃผLNG๋ณตํ•ฉ CC2

114.367

๋‚จ์ œ์ฃผ#1

100.00

์ œ์ฃผ๋‚ด์—ฐ#1

40.00

๋‚จ์ œ์ฃผ#2

100.00

์ œ์ฃผ๋‚ด์—ฐ#2

40.00

ํ•œ๋ฆผ๋ณตํ•ฉ

105.00

HVDC#1

150

์ œ์ฃผํ™”๋ ฅ#2

75.00

HVDC#2-1

125

์ œ์ฃผํ™”๋ ฅ#3

75.00

HVDC#2-2

125

์ œ์ฃผLNG๋ณตํ•ฉ CC1

114.367

-

-

ํ‘œ 5 ๊ณ ์žฅ์ •์ง€์œจ์— ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ELCC ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๋น„๊ต

Table 5 Comparison of ELCC results based on forced outage rates

FOR

(%)

CapacityValue

(MW)

CapacityValue

(%)*

1.0

18.4

3.0

2.0

28.2

4.6

5.0

29.8

4.9

10.0

41.7

6.8

18.5**

45.8

7.5

20.0

49.0

8.0

*(ํƒœ์–‘๊ด‘+ํ’๋ ฅ)์„ค๋น„์šฉ๋Ÿ‰: 611.1MW (21.12.31 ๊ธฐ์ค€) ์ ์šฉ

**18.5 = โ€˜21 ๊ณ„ํš์ •์ง€์œจ์‹ค์  + โ€™21 ๋น„๊ณ„ํš์ •์ง€์œจ์‹ค์ 

๊ทธ๋ฆผ 13. ๊ณ ์žฅ์ •์ง€์œจ์ด 5% ์ผ ๋•Œ ELCC ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ

Fig. 13. ELCC Results at a 5% forced outage rate

../../Resources/kiee/KIEE.2024.73.2.237/fig13.png

4.3 PPCF์™€ ELCC ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๋น„๊ต

PPCF์™€ ELCC ์‚ฌ๋ก€์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์—์„œ ํ™•์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋“ฏ์ด ๋ฐœ์ „์„ค๋น„์˜ ๋ถˆํ™•์‹ค์„ฑ์„ ๋ฐ˜์˜ํ•œ ELCC๊ฐ€ ์ƒ๋Œ€์ ์œผ๋กœ ์žฌ์ƒ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ๋ฐœ์ „์˜ ๊ณต๊ธ‰๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์„ ๋ณด์ˆ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฐ์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์ธ๋‹ค. ๋‹ค๋งŒ, PPCF์˜ ์‚ฌ๋ก€์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ์ „๋ ฅ๊ณ„ํ†ต์˜ ์ „๋ ฅ์ˆ˜์š” ํ”ผํฌ์‹œ๊ฐ„๋Œ€๊ฐ€ ๋ณ€๋™๋˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ ๊ฐ’์ด ๋ณ€ํ™”ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ELCC๋Š” ์ผ๋…„ ์ „์ฒด 8760 ์‹œ๊ฐ„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ผ ์ง์ ‘์ ์ธ ๋น„๊ต์—๋Š” ํ•œ๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ELCC๋Š” ์ „๋ ฅ๊ณ„ํ†ต์˜ ๋ฐœ์ „๊ธฐ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๊ณผ ๋ฐœ์ „๊ธฐ๋ณ„ ๊ณ ์žฅ์ •์ง€์œจ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋‹ฌ๋ผ์งˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด HVDC #3๊ฐ€ ๊ณง ์ค€๊ณต๋˜์–ด ์šด์˜๋  ์˜ˆ์ •์ด๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿด ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๋ฐœ์ „ ์„ค๋น„ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”๊ฐ€ ์ƒ๊ธฐ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ELCC๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ์žฌ์ƒ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ๊ณต๊ธ‰๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์€ ๋‹ฌ๋ผ์งˆ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ํŒ๋‹จ๋œ๋‹ค.

์ œ์ฃผ๋„ ์ „๋ ฅ๊ณ„ํ†ต์˜ ์ „๋ ฅ์ˆ˜์š”๋Š” ์žฌ์ƒ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ๋ฐœ์ „์˜ ๋ณด๊ธ‰๋ฅ ์ด ๋†’์•„์ง์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ „๋ ฅ์ˆ˜์š” ํ”ผํฌ์‹œ๊ฐ„๋Œ€๊ฐ€ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋œ ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๊ธฐ์ƒ๋ณ€ํ™”์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์ผ๊ฐ„์—์„œ๋„ ๊ธ‰๊ฒฉํ•œ ํ”ผํฌ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๋ณ€๋™์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์ด์ˆ˜์š”(์ „๋ ฅ๊ณ„ํ†ต์ˆ˜์š”)์™€ ์ˆœ์ˆ˜์š”(์ „๋ ฅ์‹œ์žฅ์ˆ˜์š”)์˜ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ์ปค์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์ด ๋ถ€๋ถ„์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•œ ์žฌ์ƒ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ๋ฐœ์ „์˜ ๊ณต๊ธ‰๋Šฅ๋ ฅ ์‚ฐ์ •์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ๊ณ„์ ˆ๋ณ„, ์‹œ๊ฐ„๋Œ€๋ณ„ ๊ณ ๋ ค๋„ ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค.

5. ๊ฒฐ ๋ก 

์žฌ์ƒ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ๋ฐœ์ „์˜ ๋ณด๊ธ‰๋ฅ ์ด ๋†’์•„์ง์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์žฌ์ƒ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ๋ฐœ์ „์›์˜ ๊ณต๊ธ‰๋Šฅ๋ ฅ ์‚ฐ์ •์ด ์ „๋ ฅ๊ณ„ํ†ต ๊ณ„ํš๊ณผ ์šด์˜์—์„œ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์š”์†Œ๊ฐ€ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ œ์ฃผ ์ „๋ ฅ๊ณ„ํ†ต์„ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์žฌ์ƒ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ๋ฐœ์ „์˜ ๊ณต๊ธ‰๋Šฅ๋ ฅ ์‚ฐ์ • ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ๋น„๊ต ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์žฌ์ƒ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ๋ฐœ์ „์˜ ์ „๋ ฅ ์ˆ˜๊ธ‰ ์•ˆ์ •์„ฑ ํ™•๋ณด์™€ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์„ฑ ํ–ฅ์ƒ์„ ๋„๋ชจํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์‚ฌ๋ก€ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์žฌ์ƒ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ๋ฐœ์ „์˜ ๋ณด๊ธ‰๋ฅ ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ œ์ฃผ๋„ ์ „๋ ฅ์ˆ˜์š” ํ”ผํฌ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์˜ ์ด๋™์„ ํ™•์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋ฐœ์ „์„ค๋น„์˜ ๋ถˆํ™•์‹ค์„ฑ์„ ๋ฐ˜์˜ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ELCC ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด PPCF ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๋ณด๋‹ค ์žฌ์ƒ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ๋ฐœ์ „์˜ ๊ณต๊ธ‰๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์„ ๋ณด์ˆ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ถ”์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, ์žฌ์ƒ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ๋ฐœ์ „์› ๊ฐ„์˜ ์ถœ๋ ฅ์‹œ๊ฐ„๋Œ€์˜ ์ฐจ์ด๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ์ƒํ˜ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ๊ณต๊ธ‰๋Šฅ๋ ฅ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ฑ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ์ œ์ฃผ๋„ ์ „๋ ฅ์ˆ˜๊ธ‰์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ ์ž๋ฃŒ๋กœ ํ™œ์šฉ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ํ–ฅํ›„ ์ง€์—ญ๋ณ„ ํ”ผํฌ ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ์ฐจ์ด์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๊ณต๊ธ‰๋Šฅ๋ ฅ ์‚ฐ์ • ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ๊ณ„ํšํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค.

Acknowledgements

๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” 2023ํ•™๋…„๋„ ์ƒ๋ช…๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๊ต๋‚ด์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋น„๋ฅผ ์ง€์›๋ฐ›์•„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€์Œ (2023-A000-0033)

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์ €์ž์†Œ๊ฐœ

์œ„์˜๋ฏผ(Young-Min Wi)
../../Resources/kiee/KIEE.2024.73.2.237/au1.png

He received his Ph.D. degree in Electrical Engineering from Korea University, Seoul, Korea, in 2013. From 2013 to 2014, he worked at the Korea Electrotechnology Research Institute (KERI), Korea. From 2015 to 2022, he was a faculty in the School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Gwangju University, Gwangju, Korea. He is currently an assistant professor in the Department of Electrical Engineering, Sangmyung University, Seoul, Korea.