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  1. (Dept. of Electrical Engineering, Hanyang University, Korea)



Energy Balancing, Energy Management System, Energy Storage System, Life Stability, Lyapunov Optimization, Operating Cost

1. ์„œ ๋ก 

๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์€ Lyapunov ์ตœ์ ํ™”๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์œผ๋กœ ๋‹ค์ค‘ ESS (Energy Storage Systems)๋ฅผ ํ™œ์šฉํ•œ ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๋“œ์˜ ์šด์˜๋น„์šฉ ์ตœ์†Œํ™” ๋ฐ ESS ์ˆ˜๋ช… ํ–ฅ์ƒ์„ ๋™์‹œ์— ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์„ ์ œ์•ˆํ•œ๋‹ค. ์žฌ์ƒ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ๋ฐœ์ „๋Ÿ‰์˜ ๋ถˆ๊ทœ์น™์„ฑ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ๋‚ ์”จ ์กฐ๊ฑด ๋ณ€ํ™”์— ๋Œ€์‘ํ•˜์—ฌ ESS๋Š” ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ๊ณต๊ธ‰ ๋ถˆ์•ˆ์ •์„ฑ์„ ์กฐ์ ˆํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ์ „๋ ฅ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์˜ ์‹ ๋ขฐ์„ฑ๊ณผ ์ง€์†๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์„ ํ–ฅ์ƒ์‹œํ‚ค๊ณ , ์žฌ์ƒ์—๋„ˆ์ง€๋ฅผ ํšจ์œจ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ด€๋ฆฌํ•˜์—ฌ ์ž์› ๋‚ญ๋น„๋ฅผ ์ตœ์†Œํ™”ํ•˜๋Š” ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์žฅ์น˜๋กœ ํ™œ์šฉ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๋‹ค[1]. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๋“œ ์šด์˜๋น„์šฉ์„ ์ตœ์†Œํ™”ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ณผ๋„ํ•œ ESS ์‚ฌ์šฉ์€ ์—ดํ™”๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ์ˆ˜๋ช… ๊ฐ์†Œ๋กœ ์ด์–ด์ ธ ๊ต์ฒด ๋ฐ ์œ ์ง€โ€ง๋ณด์ˆ˜๋น„์šฉ์ด ์ฆ๊ฐ€[2]ํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—, ESS์˜ ์ˆ˜๋ช…์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•œ ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๋“œ ์šด์˜์€ ํ•„์ˆ˜์ ์ด๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์—์„œ ์ œ์•ˆํ•˜๋Š” Lyapunov ์ตœ์ ํ™” ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์€ ESS๋ฅผ ํ™œ์šฉํ•œ ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๋“œ ์šด์˜๋น„์šฉ ์ตœ์†Œํ™”์™€ ESS ์ถฉโ€ง๋ฐฉ์ „์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์ˆ˜๋ช… ์ €ํ•˜๋ฅผ ๋™์‹œ์— ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์ ์ด๊ณ  ํšจ์œจ์ ์ธ ์ตœ์ ์˜ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ ์ œ์–ด๋ฅผ ๋„์ถœํ•œ๋‹ค.

๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๋“œ ์šด์˜๋น„์šฉ ์ตœ์†Œํ™”๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ํƒœ์–‘๊ด‘, ํ’๋ ฅ๋ฐœ์ „๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๋ถ„์‚ฐ ์ž์›์ด ํฌํ•จ๋œ ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๋“œ์—์„œ VPP(Virtual Power Plants)[3], ์ˆ˜์š”๊ด€๋ฆฌ[4] ๋“ฑ์„ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋“ค์ด ๋ฐœํ‘œ๋˜์–ด ์™”๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋“ค์€ ๋‹ค์ค‘ ESS ์šด์˜์ „๋žต ๋ฐ ๋น„ํšจ์œจ์ ์ธ ์ „๋ ฅ ์ด๋™์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์†์‹ค์ด ๊ณ ๋ ค๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์œผ๋ฉฐ, ESS์˜ ์—ดํ™” ํ˜„์ƒ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์ˆ˜๋ช… ์ €ํ•˜๋„ ๊ณ ๋ ค๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์žฌ์ƒ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ์ด์šฉ๋ฅ  ๋ฐ ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๋“œ ์šด์˜๋น„์šฉ ์ ˆ์•ฝ ํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ๋ฏธํกํ–ˆ๋‹ค.

ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์ธ ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๋“œ ์šด์˜์„ ์œ„ํ•ด Lyapunov ์ตœ์ ํ™”๋ฅผ ํ™œ์šฉํ•œ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋„ ๋ฐœํ‘œ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค[5]-[7]. UAV(Unmanned Aerial Vehicle) ์ถฉ์ „์†Œ์˜ ์šด์˜์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ „๋ ฅ ๊ตฌ๋งค๋ฅผ ์ตœ์†Œํ™”ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žฌ์ƒ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ์ด์šฉ๋Ÿ‰์„ ๊ทน๋Œ€ํ™”ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๋“œ์˜ ์šด์˜๋น„์šฉ์„ ์ตœ์†Œํ™”ํ•˜๋Š” UAV ์ถฉ์ „ ์Šค์ผ€์ค„๋ง ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜[5], ์‹ ์žฌ์ƒ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ์˜ˆ์ธก์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜ ์˜ค์ฐจ ๊ฐ์†Œ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ „๊ธฐ์ฐจ์™€ ํƒœ์–‘๊ด‘์ด ํ†ตํ•ฉ๋œ ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๋“œ์˜ ์ „๊ธฐ์ฐจ ์ถฉ์ „ ์Šค์ผ€์ค„๋ง ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜[6] ๋“ฑ์— Lyapunov ์ตœ์ ํ™”๊ฐ€ ํ™œ์šฉ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋“ค์€ Lyapunov ์ตœ์ ํ™”๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์œผ๋กœ ํ•œ ์šด์†ก์ˆ˜๋‹จ์˜ ์ถฉ์ „ ๋Œ€๊ธฐ ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๋ฐ ์Šค์ผ€์ค„๋ง์— ์ค‘์ ์„ ๋‘์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ESS์˜ ์ถฉโ€ง๋ฐฉ์ „ ์Šค์ผ€์ค„๋ง ๋ฐ ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๋“œ์˜ ์•ˆ์ •์ ์ธ ์šด์˜๊ณผ ESS ์—ดํ™” ํ˜„์ƒ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์ˆ˜๋ช… ์ €ํ•˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๊ณ ๋ ค๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. Lyapunov ์ตœ์ ํ™”๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ์ด์ „์˜ ์‹œ๋„๋„ ์žˆ์—ˆ์œผ๋‚˜, ํ•ด๋‹น ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ESS ์—ดํ™”์™€ ์ˆ˜๋ช… ์ƒํƒœ๋ฅผ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ์žˆ์–ด ๊ฐ€์ƒ ๋Œ€๊ธฐ์—ด ์ ์šฉ ๊ฐœ๋…์ด ๋ถ€์กฑํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค[7]. ์ด๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ์ ์ ˆํ•œ ESS์˜ ์ˆ˜๋ช… ์ƒํƒœ ๋ถ„์„์ด ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง€์ง€ ๋ชปํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ถ”์ƒ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ˆ˜๋ช… ์ €ํ•˜ ์ƒํƒœ๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด์–ด ESS์˜ ์—ดํ™” ์ •๋„๋ฅผ ์ •ํ™•ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๊ณ„์‚ฐํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•ด ESS์˜ ์ˆ˜๋ช… ์•ˆ์ •์„ฑ์„ ์ ์ ˆํžˆ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ํ•ด๋‹น ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๋“œ ๋‚ด ์ „๋ ฅ ์ˆ˜๊ธ‰ ๊ท ํ˜•์ด ์ ์ ˆํžˆ ์œ ์ง€๋˜๋Š”์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ •ํ™•ํ•œ ๊ฒ€์ฆ์ด ๋ถ€์กฑํ•˜์—ฌ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ํƒ€๋‹น์„ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฒ€ํ† ๊ฐ€ ๋ฏธํกํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.

๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๋“œ์˜ ์šด์˜๋น„์šฉ์„ ์ตœ์†Œํ™”ํ•˜๊ณ  ESS์˜ ์—ดํ™” ํ˜„์ƒ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์ˆ˜๋ช… ์ €ํ•˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ Lyapunov ์ตœ์ ํ™” ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ๋‹ค์ค‘ ESS๋ฅผ ํ™œ์šฉํ•œ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์„ ์ œ์•ˆํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์—์„œ๋Š” ESS์˜ ์ˆ˜๋ช… ์ƒํƒœ๋ฅผ ์ตœ์ ํ™”์— ๋ฐ˜์˜ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๊ฐ€์ƒ ๋Œ€๊ธฐ์—ด ๊ฐœ๋…์„ ๋„์ž…ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. Drift-plus- penalty ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๋“œ์˜ ์šด์˜๋น„์šฉ์„ ์ตœ์†Œํ™”ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋™์‹œ์— ESS์˜ ์ˆ˜๋ช… ์•ˆ์ •์„ฑ์„ ์œ ์ง€ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” Lyapunov ์ตœ์ ํ™” ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์„ ์ˆ˜์‹ํ™” ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ œ์•ˆ๋œ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์˜ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ์„ ๊ฒ€์ฆํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ์‹ค์ œ ํƒœ์–‘๊ด‘, ํ’๋ ฅ, ์ˆ˜์š”์ž์› ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ธฐ์กด ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ๊ณผ ์šด์˜๋น„์šฉ, ์ˆ˜๋ช… ์•ˆ์ •์„ฑ์„ ๊ฒ€์ฆํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.

์ œ์•ˆ๋œ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์€ ESS์˜ ์ˆ˜๋ช…์ƒํƒœ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ˜์˜ํ•œ ์ตœ์ ํ™”๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์žฅ๊ธฐ์ ์ธ ESSํ™œ์šฉ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ต์ฒด๋น„์šฉ์„ ์ ˆ์•ฝํ•˜๊ณ , ์žฌ์ƒ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ํ™œ์šฉ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๋“œ ์šด์˜๋น„์šฉ์„ ์ตœ์†Œํ™”ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์žฌ์ƒ์—๋„ˆ์ง€๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ๋ณ€๋™์„ฑ์ด ํฐ ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๋“œ์—์„œ ๋‹ค์ค‘ ESS๋ฅผ ํšจ์œจ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๋“œ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์„ฑ ๋ฐ ์•ˆ์ •์„ฑ์„ ํ™•๋ณดํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ธฐ์กด ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ๋ณด๋‹ค ์šด์˜๋น„์šฉ์„ ์ ˆ์•ฝํ•˜๊ณ  ESS์˜ ์—ดํ™” ํ˜„์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ์ˆ˜๋ช… ์ €ํ•˜ ์ƒํƒœ๋ฅผ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•œ ์ตœ์ ํ™”๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ฒฝ์ œ์„ฑ๊ณผ ์•ˆ์ •์„ฑ์„ ๋ชจ๋‘ ํ–ฅ์ƒ์‹œ์ผฐ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž์˜ ๋ชฉ์ ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๋“œ์˜ ์šด์˜๋น„์šฉ ์ตœ์†Œํ™”์™€ ESS์˜ ์ˆ˜๋ช… ์•ˆ์ •์„ฑ ๊ฐ„์˜ ๊ท ํ˜•์„ ์กฐ์ ˆํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์œ ์—ฐํ•œ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์„ ์ œ์•ˆํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.

2. ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ

2.1 ๊ธฐํ˜ธ ๋ฐ ์•ฝ์–ด ์ •๋ฆฌ

ํŒŒ๋ผ๋ฏธํ„ฐ

$\eta_{cha}^{i}$ ESS์˜ ์ถฉ์ „ ํšจ์œจ [%]

$\eta_{dis}^{i}$ ESS์˜ ๋ฐฉ์ „ ํšจ์œจ [%]

$SOC_{i n i t}^{i}$ ESS์˜ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ์ถฉ์ „๋Ÿ‰ [%]

$SOC_{mi n}^{i}$ESS ํ•œ๊ณ„ ์ตœ์†Œ ์ถฉ์ „๋Ÿ‰ [%]

$SOC_{ma x}^{i}$ESS ํ•œ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๋Œ€ ์ถฉ์ „๋Ÿ‰ [%]

$P_{ma x}^{i}$ ESS ์ตœ๋Œ€ ์ถฉโ€ง๋ฐฉ์ „ ์ „๋ ฅ๋Ÿ‰ [kW]

$C_{d}$ ESS ์—ดํ™” ์†์‹ค๋น„์šฉ [KRW/kWh]

$T$ ์ œ์–ด ์ฃผ๊ธฐ [์‹œ๊ฐ„]

๋ณ€์ˆ˜

$P_{G}$ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๋“œ ๊ตฌ๋งค ์ „๋ ฅ๋Ÿ‰ [kWh]

$P_{L}$ ๊ฐ€๋ณ€ ๋ถ€ํ•˜ ์†Œ๋น„์ „๋ ฅ๋Ÿ‰ [kWh]

$P_{cha}^{i}$ ESS ์ถฉ์ „ ์ „๋ ฅ [kW]

$P_{dis}^{i}$ ESS ๋ฐฉ์ „ ์ „๋ ฅ [kW]

$P_{PV}$ ํƒœ์–‘๊ด‘ ๋ฐœ์ „ ์ „๋ ฅ๋Ÿ‰ [kWh]

$P_{WT}$ ํ’๋ ฅ ๋ฐœ์ „ ์ „๋ ฅ๋Ÿ‰ [kWh]

$P_{D}$ ๋ถ€ํ•˜ ์†Œ๋น„ ์ „๋ ฅ๋Ÿ‰ [kWh]

$P_{available}$ ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๋“œ ๊ณต๊ธ‰ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ ์ „๋ ฅ๋Ÿ‰ [kWh]

$P_{n eeded}$ ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๋“œ ์ˆ˜์š” ์š”๊ตฌ ์ „๋ ฅ๋Ÿ‰ [kWh]

$E_{ca p}^{i}$ ESS ์ •๊ฒฉ ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰ [kWh]

$E_{cy}^{i}$ ESS ์ˆ˜๋ช… [Cycle]

$C_{G}$ ์ „๋ ฅ ๊ตฌ๋งคโ€ง์†์‹ค ๋น„์šฉ [KRW]

$C_{E}$ ESS ์ถฉโ€ง๋ฐฉ์ „ ์ „๋ ฅ ์†์‹ค๋น„์šฉ [KRW]

$C$ ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๋“œ ์šด์˜๋น„์šฉ [KRW]

$c^{i}$ ESS ์ถฉ์ „ ์ƒํƒœ

$d^{i}$ ESS ๋ฐฉ์ „ ์ƒํƒœ

$p_{E}$ ๊ณ„ํ†ตํ•œ๊ณ„๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ(SMP) [KRW/kWh]

2.2 ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๋“œ

๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์€ ํ•œ๊ตญ์ „๋ ฅ๊ฑฐ๋ž˜์†Œ(KPX)์—์„œ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๋Š” 1์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๊ฐ„๊ฒฉ์œผ๋กœ ์ธก์ •๋œ 2023๋…„์˜ ์ œ์ฃผ๋„์˜ ํƒœ์–‘๊ด‘ ๋ฐœ์ „, ํ’๋ ฅ ๋ฐœ์ „, ์ˆ˜์š”์ž์› ๋ฐ ESS ์„ค์น˜ํ˜„ํ™ฉ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 1๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๋“œ๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค[7]. ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๋“œ๋Š” ์™ธ๋ถ€ ๋ฐฐ์ „๋ง๊ณผ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ํƒœ์–‘๊ด‘, ํ’๋ ฅ, ์ˆ˜์š”์ž์›๊ณผ ์„ธ ๋Œ€์˜ ESS, ๊ฐ€๋ณ€ ๋ถ€ํ•˜๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๋“œ๋Š” ์™ธ๋ถ€ ๋ฐฐ์ „๋ง์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ „๋ ฅ ๊ตฌ๋งค๋งŒ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๋ฉฐ ํŒ๋งค๋Š” ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ€์ •ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ESS์˜ ์ถฉโ€ง๋ฐฉ์ „ ํšจ์œจ๋งŒ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜๊ณ  ์ปจ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ์™€ ์ธ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ ํšจ์œจ์€ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. ์žฌ์ƒ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ๋ฐ ์ˆ˜์š”์ž์›, ๊ฐ€๋ณ€๋ถ€ํ•˜, ESS์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ž์„ธํ•œ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ํŒŒ๋ผ๋ฏธํ„ฐ๋Š” ํ‘œ 1์— ์ •๋ฆฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.

๊ทธ๋ฆผ 1. ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๋“œ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋„

Fig. 1. Micro-grid configuration diagram

../../Resources/kiee/KIEE.2024.73.4.662/fig1.png

ํ‘œ 1 ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๋“œ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ํŒŒ๋ผ๋ฏธํ„ฐ

Table 1 Micro-grid system parameters

ํŒŒ๋ผ๋ฏธํ„ฐ

๊ฐ’

๋‹จ์œ„

ํƒœ์–‘๊ด‘ ๋ฐœ์ „ ์ •๊ฒฉ ์ „๋ ฅ

1.6

MW

ํ’๋ ฅ ๋ฐœ์ „ ์ •๊ฒฉ ์ „๋ ฅ

1.4

MW

์ˆ˜์š” ์ž์› ์ •๊ฒฉ ์ „๋ ฅ

1.5

MW

๊ฐ€๋ณ€ ๋ถ€ํ•˜ ์ •๊ฒฉ ์ „๋ ฅ

1.4

MW

ESS ์ถฉ์ „ ํšจ์œจ

98, 95, 90

%

ESS ๋ฐฉ์ „ ํšจ์œจ

95, 95, 90

%

ESS ์ •๊ฒฉ ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰

0.5, 0.8, 2.7

MWh

ESS ์ตœ๋Œ€ C-rate

4

C-rate

ESS ์ตœ์†Œ SOC

10, 20, 20

%

ESS ์ตœ๋Œ€ SOC

90, 80, 80

%

ESS ์ˆ˜๋ช… Cycle

2500, 3000, 3500

Cycle

2.3 ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๋“œ ์šด์˜๋น„์šฉ ์ตœ์†Œํ™”

์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์€ ์ „๋ ฅ ์ƒ์‚ฐ๊ณผ ์†Œ๋น„๋ฅผ ํšจ์œจ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ด€๋ฆฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์ตœ์ ํ™”ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ฒด๊ณ„์ ์ธ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์œผ๋กœ, ์ฃผ๋กœ ์‚ฐ์—…, ์ƒ์—…, ๊ฑด๋ฌผ, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ „๋ ฅ ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ์—์„œ ํ™œ์šฉ๋œ๋‹ค[8]. ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์˜ ํ•ต์‹ฌ ๋ชฉํ‘œ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์ œ์ ์ธ ์ธก๋ฉด์—์„œ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ์†Œ๋น„๋ฅผ ์ตœ์†Œํ™”ํ•˜๊ณ  ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์ ์ธ ์ธก๋ฉด์—์„œ ์ง€์† ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ์šด์˜์„ ์ถ”๊ตฌํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ํšจ์œจ์ ์ธ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์€ ์ „๋ ฅ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๋“œ์˜ ์•ˆ์ •์„ฑ์„ ํ–ฅ์ƒ์‹œํ‚ค๋ฉฐ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ๋‚ญ๋น„๋ฅผ ์ตœ์†Œํ™”ํ•˜์—ฌ ์นœํ™˜๊ฒฝ์ ์ธ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ์ •์ฑ…์„ ์‹คํ˜„ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ํ•ต์‹ฌ์ ์ธ ์—ญํ• ์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•œ๋‹ค.

์‚ฌ์ „ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋œ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ[4]-[7]์—์„œ๋Š” ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์˜ ์ฃผ๋œ ๋ชฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๋“œ์˜ ์šด์˜๋น„์šฉ ์ตœ์†Œํ™”๋ฅผ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๋“œ์˜ ์šด์˜๋น„์šฉ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ์‹ (1)๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๋“œ์˜ ์ „๋ ฅ ์ˆ˜๊ธ‰ ๊ท ํ˜•์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์™ธ๋ถ€ ๋ฐฐ์ „๋ง์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ์˜ ์ „๋ ฅ ๊ตฌ๋งค ๋น„์šฉ, ๊ฐ€๋ณ€ ๋ถ€ํ•˜๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ๋ถ€ํ•˜ ์กฐ์ ˆ ๋น„์šฉ์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๋“œ ์šด์˜์ž๋Š” ์ œ์–ด ์ฃผ๊ธฐ ๋ณ„ ์ „๋ ฅ ์ˆ˜๊ธ‰ ๊ท ํ˜•์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๋“œ์— ์„ค์น˜๋œ ESS๋ฅผ ํ™œ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ESS๋Š” ์ถฉ์ „ ๋ฐ ๋ฐฉ์ „ ์‹œ ํšจ์œจ์— ์˜ํ•œ ์ „๋ ฅ ์†์‹ค์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•œ๋‹ค. ESS๋ฅผ ์ถฉโ€ง๋ฐฉ์ „ ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ํšจ์œจ์— ์˜ํ•ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ์ „๋ ฅ ์†์‹ค๋น„์šฉ์€ ์‹ (2)์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ๊ณ ๋ คํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์ „์ฒด ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๋“œ์˜ ์šด์˜๋น„์šฉ์€ ์‹ (3)๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ์ •์˜ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.

(1)
$C_{G}(t)=\left(P_{G}(t)+P_{E}(t)\right)\times p_{E}(t)$
(2)
$C_{E}(t)= p_{E}(t)\times\sum_{i}\left[(1-\eta_{cha}^{i})P_{cha}^{i}(t)+(1/\eta_{dis}^{i}-1)P_{dis}^{i}(t)\right]$
(3)
$C(t)= C_{G}(t)+C_{E}(t)$

์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์˜ ์•ˆ์ •์ ์ธ ์šด์˜์€ ํ•„์ˆ˜์ ์ด๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ์‹คํ˜„ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์—์„œ ๊ณ ๋ ค๋˜๋Š” ์ œ์•ฝํ•จ์ˆ˜๋Š” ์ „๋ ฅ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์„ ์ด๋ฃจ๋Š” ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์žฅ๋น„์™€ ์ž์›์ด ๊ณผ๋„ํ•œ ๋ถ€ํ•˜๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ์†์ƒ์„ ๋ฐฉ์ง€ํ•˜๊ณ , ์ „๋ ฅ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์ด ์›ํ™œํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์šด์˜๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ์˜ˆ๋ฐฉํ•œ๋‹ค[8]. ์ด๋Š” ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๋“œ์˜ ์•ˆ์ „ํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ ๋ขฐ์„ฑ ์žˆ๋Š” ์šด์˜์„ ์ฆ์ง„์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ๋ฐ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋ถ€ํ•˜ ๋ณ€๋™์„ ํ†ต์ œํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฐ€๋ณ€ ๋ถ€ํ•˜, ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ์ €์žฅ ์žฅ์น˜ESS์˜ ์ตœ๋Œ€ ์ถฉโ€ง๋ฐฉ์ „ ์ „๋ ฅ๋Ÿ‰์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ œ์•ฝํ•จ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์‹ (4)~(6)์™€ ์ด ์ •์˜ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, ESS์˜ ์•ˆ์ •์ ์ธ ์šด์˜์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ์‹ (7)๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ๋ชจ๋“  ESS์˜ SOC(State of Charge)๊ฐ€ 20%์™€ 80% ์‚ฌ์ด์—์„œ ์šด์˜๋˜๋„๋ก ํ•˜๋Š” ์ œ์•ฝํ•จ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํ•˜๋ฃจ ESS์˜ ์Šค์ผ€์ค„๋ง ํ›„, ๋‹ค์Œ ๋‚  ๊ฐ™์€ ์กฐ๊ฑด์œผ๋กœ ESS ์Šค์ผ€์ค„๋ง์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๋„๋ก ์‹ (8)๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ESS์˜ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ SOC์™€ ์ œ์–ด ํ›„ SOC๊ฐ€ ๋™์ผํ•œ ์ƒํƒœ๋ฅผ ์œ ์ง€ํ•˜๋„๋ก ํ•˜๋Š” ์ œ์•ฝํ•จ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ESS๋Š” ๋™์‹œ์— ์ถฉ์ „๊ณผ ๋ฐฉ์ „์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚  ์ˆ˜ ์—†์œผ๋ฏ€๋กœ ESS์˜ ์ถฉโ€ง๋ฐฉ์ „ ์ƒํƒœ๋ฅผ ์ œ์–ดํ•˜๋Š” ์ด์ง„ ๋ณ€์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์‹ (9)์„ ์ •์˜ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์€ ์ œ์–ด ์ฃผ๊ธฐ ๋™์•ˆ์— ๋ฐœ์ „ ์ „๋ ฅ๋Ÿ‰๊ณผ ์†Œ๋น„ ์ „๋ ฅ๋Ÿ‰ ๊ฐ„์˜ ์ „๋ ฅ ์ˆ˜๊ธ‰ ๊ท ํ˜•์„ ์œ ์ง€ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋ฏ€๋กœ, ์ œ์–ด ์ฃผ๊ธฐ ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๋‚ด์— ์‹ (10)๋กœ ์ •์˜๋˜๋Š” ๋“ฑ์‹ ์ œ์•ฝํ•จ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ „๋ ฅ ์ˆ˜๊ธ‰ ๊ท ํ˜•์„ ์œ ์ง€ํ•˜๋„๋ก ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.

(4)
$0\le P_{L}(t)\le P_{L,\: ma x}$
(5)
$0\le P_{cha}^{i}(t)\le P_{ma x}^{i}$
(6)
$0\le P_{dis}^{i}(t)\le P_{ma x}^{i}$
(7)
$SOC_{mi n}^{i}\le SOC^{i}(t)\le SOC_{ma x}^{i}$
(8)
$SOC(t)= SOC(t+T)$
(9)
$c^{i}(t)\bullet d^{i}(t)=0$
(10)
$P_{G}(t)+\sum_{i}^{I}P_{dis}^{i}(t)+P_{PV}(t)+P_{WT}(t)=P_{L}(t)+P_{D}(t)+\sum_{i}^{I}P_{cha}^{i}(t)$

3. Lyapunov ์ตœ์ ํ™”

3.1 Lyapunov ์ตœ์ ํ™”

Lyapunov ์ตœ์ ํ™” ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์€ ๋™์  ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์—์„œ ์•ˆ์ •์„ฑ์„ ๋ณด์žฅํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ๋ชฉ์  ํ•จ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์ตœ๋Œ€ ๋˜๋Š” ์ตœ์†Œํ™”ํ•˜๋Š” ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์ธ ์ตœ์ ํ™” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด๋‹ค. ์ด ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์€ Lyapunov ํ•จ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์˜ ์ƒํƒœ๋ฅผ ๋ชฉ์ ํ•จ์ˆ˜์— ๋ฐ˜์˜ํ•˜์—ฌ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์˜ ์•ˆ์ •์„ฑ์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜์—ฌ ์ตœ์  ์ œ์–ด ๋ณ€์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๋„์ถœํ•œ๋‹ค[9]. Lyapunov ํ•จ์ˆ˜๋Š” ๋‹ค์ฐจ์›์˜ ์Œ์ด ์•„๋‹Œ ์Šค์นผ๋ผ ์ธก์ •๊ฐ’์œผ๋กœ, ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์ด ๋ชฉํ‘œํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ์ƒํƒœ๋กœ ์ด๋™ํ•  ๋•Œ Lyapunov ํ•จ์ˆ˜์˜ ๊ฐ’์ด ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋ฉฐ Lyapunov ํ•จ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ 0์œผ๋กœ ๋„๋‹ฌํ•˜๋„๋ก Lyapunov ํ•จ์ˆ˜์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”์œจ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ œ์–ด์‹ ํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ๊ณ„์‚ฐํ•˜์—ฌ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ์•ˆ์ •์„ฑ์„ ์œ ์ง€ํ•œ๋‹ค. Lyapunov ์ตœ์ ํ™” ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์€ Lyapunov ํ•จ์ˆ˜๋กœ ๊ณ ๋ ค๋œ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์˜ ์•ˆ์ •์„ฑ์„ ์ตœ์ ํ™”์— ๋ฐ˜์˜ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ฐ€์ƒ ๋Œ€๊ธฐ์—ด ๊ฐœ๋…๊ณผ Drift-Plus- Penalty ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ํ™œ์šฉํ•œ๋‹ค[9]-[11]. ๊ฐ€์ƒ ๋Œ€๊ธฐ์—ด ๊ฐœ๋…์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์˜ ์•ˆ์ •์„ฑ์„ ์ˆ˜์‹์œผ๋กœ ๋ชจ๋ธ๋ง ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, Drift-Plus- Penalty ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ Lyapunov ํ•จ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ฐ€์ƒ ๋Œ€๊ธฐ์—ด๋กœ ๊ณ ๋ ค๋œ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์˜ ์•ˆ์ •์„ฑ์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜๊ณ , Lyapunov ํ•จ์ˆ˜์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”์œจ์„ ๊ณ„์‚ฐํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ชฉ์ ํ•จ์ˆ˜์— ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ์•ˆ์ •์„ฑ์„ ๋ฐ˜์˜ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ตœ์ ์˜ ์ œ์–ด ์‹ ํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ๊ณ„์‚ฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. Lyapunov ์ตœ์ ํ™”๋Š” ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์˜ ์•ˆ์ •์„ฑ ์œ ์ง€์™€ ๋ชฉ์  ๋‹ฌ์„ฑ์„ ์กฐํ™”๋กญ๊ฒŒ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉํ•˜์—ฌ, ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์˜ ์•ˆ์ •์„ฑ๊ณผ ๋ชฉ์  ํ•จ์ˆ˜์˜ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ ๊ฐ„์˜ ๊ท ํ˜• ์ตœ์ ํ™” ์†”๋ฃจ์…˜์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์—์„œ๋Š” ESS์˜ ์ˆ˜๋ช… ์•ˆ์ •์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ€์ƒ ๋Œ€๊ธฐ์—ด์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ˆ˜์‹์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ชจ๋ธ๋งํ•˜๊ณ , Drift-Plus-Penalty ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์˜ ์šด์˜๋น„์šฉ์„ ์ตœ์†Œํ™”ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ชฉ์ ํ•จ์ˆ˜์— ESS์˜ ์ˆ˜๋ช… ์•ˆ์ •์„ฑ์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. Lyapunov ์ตœ์ ํ™”๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋‹ค์ค‘ ESS๋ฅผ ํšจ์œจ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์šด์˜ํ•˜๋Š” ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์„ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•˜๊ณ , ESS์˜ ์ˆ˜๋ช… ์•ˆ์ •์„ฑ๊ณผ ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๋“œ ์šด์˜๋น„์šฉ์„ ๋™์‹œ์— ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜์—ฌ ์ตœ์ ์˜ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ์šด์˜ ์ „๋žต์„ ๋„์ถœํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. Lyapunov ์ตœ์ ํ™” ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ์„ค๊ณ„๋Š” 4์žฅ์—์„œ ์ž์„ธํžˆ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.

3.2 ๊ฐ€์ƒ ๋Œ€๊ธฐ์—ด

๊ฐ€์ƒ ๋Œ€๊ธฐ์—ด์€ Lyapunov ์ตœ์ ํ™” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์—์„œ ํ•ต์‹ฌ์ ์ธ ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ•˜๋Š” ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๊ฐœ๋…์œผ๋กœ, ์ฃผ๋กœ ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์—์„œ ์ž์› ํ• ๋‹น ๋ฐ ์Šค์ผ€์ค„๋ง ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ํ™œ์šฉ๋˜์–ด ์™”๋‹ค[10]. ๊ฐ€์ƒ ๋Œ€๊ธฐ์—ด์€ ์‹ค์ œ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์˜ ๋Œ€๊ธฐ์—ด์ด ์•„๋‹Œ, ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์ ์ธ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ์ƒํƒœ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์œผ๋กœ ํ•œ ๊ฐ€์ƒ์˜ ๋Œ€๊ธฐ์—ด์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ๋‹ค.

๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์—์„œ ์ œ์•ˆ๋œ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์€ ๊ฐ€์ƒ ๋Œ€๊ธฐ์—ด์„ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋‹ค์ค‘ ESS์˜ ์ถฉ์ „ ๋ฐ ๋ฐฉ์ „ ์ƒํƒœ๋ฅผ ๊ด€๋ฆฌํ•˜๊ณ , ์ด๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ESS์˜ ์—ดํ™” ๋ฐ ์ˆ˜๋ช… ์•ˆ์ •์„ฑ์„ ๋ณด์žฅํ•˜๋Š” ์ œ์–ด๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ESS์˜ ์ถฉ์ „ ๋ฐ ๋ฐฉ์ „ ์ƒํƒœ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ƒ ๋Œ€๊ธฐ์—ด๋กœ ๋ชจ๋ธ๋งํ•˜๊ณ  Lyapunov ์ตœ์ ํ™” ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์— ์ ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ESS์˜ ์—ดํ™” ์ƒํƒœ๋ฅผ ์ถ”์ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ˆ˜๋ช… ์ €ํ•˜ ์ƒํƒœ๋ฅผ ์˜ˆ์ธกํ•˜์—ฌ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์˜ ์ˆ˜๋ช… ์•ˆ์ •์„ฑ์„ ์œ ์ง€ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.

3.3 Drift-Plus-Penalty ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•

Lyapunov ์ตœ์ ํ™” ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์—์„œ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๊ฐœ๋… ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜์ธ Drift-Plus- Penalty ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์€ Lyapunov ํ•จ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ๊ฐ€์ƒ ๋Œ€๊ธฐ์—ด์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”์œจ๊ณผ ๋ชฉ์  ํ•จ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์กฐํ•ฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ตœ์ ํ™” ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ์ •์˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์ด๋‹ค. ์ด ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์€ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์˜ ์•ˆ์ •์„ฑ์„ ๋ณด์žฅํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ๋ชฉ์  ํ•จ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์ตœ์ ํ™”ํ•˜๋Š” ํ•ต์‹ฌ์ ์ธ ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ•œ๋‹ค[9]-[11].

๊ฐ€์ƒ ๋Œ€๊ธฐ์—ด์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”์œจ๋กœ ๊ณ„์‚ฐ๋˜๋Š” drift ํ•ญ์€ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€๊ด€๋ฆฌ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ์ตœ์ ํ™”์—์„œ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์˜ ์•ˆ์ •์„ฑ์„ ์œ ์ง€ํ•˜๋Š” ์—ญํ• ์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•œ๋‹ค. Lyapunov ํ•จ์ˆ˜๋Š” ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์˜ ์ƒํƒœ๋ฅผ ํ‘œํ˜„ํ•˜๋ฉฐ, drift ํ•ญ์€ ์ด ํ•จ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์‹œ๊ณ„์—ด์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋ณ€ํ•˜๋Š”์ง€๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ธ๋‹ค. ์•ˆ์ •์„ฑ์„ ์œ ์ง€ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด drift ํ•ญ์€ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ 0์œผ๋กœ ์ˆ˜๋ ดํ•˜๋„๋ก ์ œ์–ด๋˜์–ด ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์ด ์•ˆ์ •์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ œ์–ด๋˜๋„๋ก ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์˜ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ๊ณผ ๋ชฉ์ ์„ ๋ฐ˜์˜ํ•˜๋Š” penalty ํ•ญ์€ ๋ชฉ์  ํ•จ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์ตœ๋Œ€โ€ง์ตœ์†Œํ™”ํ•˜์—ฌ ํŠน์ • ๋ชฉํ‘œ๋ฅผ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ•œ๋‹ค. Penalty ํ•ญ์€ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์˜ ๋ชฉ์ ์„ ์ •๋Ÿ‰ํ™”ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ตœ์  ์ œ์–ด ์ž…๋ ฅ์„ ์กฐ์ •ํ•œ๋‹ค.

Drift-Plus-Penalty ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์€ ์ด ๋‘ ํ•ญ์„ ์กฐํ•ฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ตœ์ ํ™” ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•˜๋Š” ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์ด๋‹ค. Drift ํ•ญ์€ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์˜ ์•ˆ์ •์„ฑ์„ ๋ณด์žฅํ•˜๋ฉฐ, penalty ํ•ญ์€ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์˜ ๋ชฉ์ ์„ ์ตœ์ ํ™”ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์€ ์•ˆ์ •์ ์œผ๋กœ ์šด์˜๋˜๋ฉด์„œ ๋™์‹œ์— ๋ชฉ์  ํ•จ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์ตœ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์ด ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ•˜๋Š” ์ตœ์ ์˜ ์ œ์–ด ์ž…๋ ฅ์„ ๊ณ„์‚ฐํ•œ๋‹ค.

4. Lyapunov ์ตœ์ ํ™” ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ

๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์€ Lyapunov ์ตœ์ ํ™”๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์œผ๋กœ ํ•œ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์„ ์ œ์•ˆํ•œ๋‹ค. Lyapunov ์ตœ์ ํ™” ์ค‘ ๊ฐ€์ƒ ๋Œ€๊ธฐ์—ด ๊ฐœ๋…์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ESS์˜ ์ถฉโ€ง๋ฐฉ์ „ ์ „๋ ฅ์— ์˜ํ•œ ์ˆ˜๋ช… ์•ˆ์ •์„ฑ์„ ๋ชจ๋ธ๋งํ•œ๋‹ค. Drift-Plus-Penalty ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ด์‚ฐ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์˜ ๊ฐ€์ƒ ๋Œ€๊ธฐ์—ด๋กœ ๋ชจ๋ธ๋ง๋œ ESS ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์˜ ์ˆ˜๋ช… ์•ˆ์ •์„ฑ์„ ์ตœ์ ํ™”์— ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜์—ฌ ์ˆ˜๋ช… ์•ˆ์ •์„ฑ๊ณผ ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๋“œ ์šด์˜๋น„์šฉ ๊ฐ„์˜ ๊ท ํ˜•์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•œ ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๋“œ ์šด์˜ ์ตœ์ ํ™”๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ œ์•ˆ๋œ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์€ ์ตœ์ ํ™”์˜ ๋ชฉ์ ํ•จ์ˆ˜์— ๊ฐ€์ƒ ๋Œ€๊ธฐ์—ด ๋ฐ Drift- Plus-penalty๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฐ˜์˜๋œ ์ˆ˜๋ช… ์•ˆ์ •์„ฑ ํ•ญ์„ ์ถ”๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ณ , ํ•˜์ดํผํŒŒ๋ผ๋ฏธํ„ฐV๋ฅผ ๋„์ž…ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๋“œ ์šด์˜๋น„์šฉ ์ตœ์†Œํ™”์™€ ESS ์ˆ˜๋ช… ์•ˆ์ •์„ฑ ์œ ์ง€ ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ trade-off๋ฅผ ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ด€๋ฆฌํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ์™ธ๋ถ€ ๋ฐฐ์ „๋ง ๋ฐ ๊ฐ€๋ณ€ ๋ถ€ํ•˜๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ตฌ๋งค ๋ฐ ์†์‹ค๋˜๋Š” ์ „๋ ฅ๋น„์šฉ์„ ์ตœ์†Œํ™”ํ•˜๋Š” ๋™์‹œ์— ๋ถˆํ•„์š”ํ•œ ESS์˜ ์ถฉโ€ง๋ฐฉ์ „์„ ์ค„์—ฌ ์ˆ˜๋ช… ์•ˆ์ •์„ฑ์„ ์œ ์ง€ํ•˜๊ณ  ํšจ์œจ์— ์˜ํ•œ ์ „๋ ฅ ์†์‹ค์„ ๋ฐฉ์ง€ํ•œ๋‹ค.

์ผ๋ถ€ ESS ์ œ์กฐ์‚ฌ๋Š” ESS์˜ ์ถฉโ€ง๋ฐฉ์ „ ์‹คํ—˜์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ESS์˜ ์ˆ˜๋ช… ์‚ฌ์ดํด ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ์ˆ˜๋ช… ์‚ฌ์ดํด ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์—ดํ™” ์ •๋„๋ฅผ ๋ฐฑ๋ถ„์œจ๋กœ ๋ถ„์„ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์ „์••, ์ „๋ฅ˜, ์˜จ๋„ ๋“ฑ์˜ ํŒŒ๋ผ๋ฏธํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด SOH(State of Health)๋ฅผ ์ถ”์ •ํ•˜์—ฌ ํ˜„์žฌ ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์ˆ˜๋ช… ์ƒํƒœ๋ฅผ ๋ถ„์„ ํ•˜๋Š” ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋„ ์ง„ํ–‰๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค[12]. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๋Œ€๋‹ค์ˆ˜ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์—์„œ ESS๋Š” SOC 0%์—์„œ SOC 100%๊นŒ์ง€ ํ•œ ์‚ฌ์ดํด์ด ์™„์ „ํžˆ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„ ํ•„์š”์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์ „๋ ฅ์ด ์ถฉโ€ง๋ฐฉ์ „ํ•˜๋Š” ์ƒํƒœ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐ˜๋ณต๋˜์–ด ์ •ํ™•ํ•œ ์ถฉโ€ง๋ฐฉ์ „ ์‚ฌ์ดํด์„ ์ธก์ •ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์–ด๋ ต๊ณ , ์ด๋กœ ์ธํ•˜์—ฌ ESS ์—ดํ™” ์ •๋„์˜ ์ •ํ™•ํ•œ ์ถ”์ •์ด ์–ด๋ ต๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ SOH๋ฅผ ์ถ”์ •ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ESS ํŒŒ๋ผ๋ฏธํ„ฐ๋“ค์ด ์ถ”๊ฐ€์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ธก์ •๋˜์–ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ์ˆ˜ํ•™์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณต์žกํ•œ ๊ณ„์‚ฐ์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜๊ณ  ์šด์ „ ๋ฐ ์ธก์ • ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ๊ณ„์†ํ•ด์„œ ์ถ•์ ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋ฏ€๋กœ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ ๋ฐ ๊ณ„์‚ฐ์  ์†ํ•ด๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•œ๋‹ค.

๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์—์„œ๋Š” ESS์˜ ์—ดํ™” ํ˜„์ƒ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ์— ์ง์ ‘์ ์ธ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์ถฉโ€ง๋ฐฉ์ „ ์ „๋ ฅ๋Ÿ‰ ๋ฐ ํšŸ์ˆ˜์— ์˜ํ•œ ์—ดํ™” ์†์‹ค๋น„์šฉ์„ ๋„์ž…ํ•˜์—ฌ ESS์˜ ์—ดํ™” ํ˜„์ƒ์— ์˜ํ•œ ์ˆ˜๋ช…์ €ํ•˜์œจ์˜ ๋น„์šฉ์ ์ธ ์†ํ•ด๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ƒ ๋Œ€๊ธฐ์—ด์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ชจ๋ธ๋ง ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ESS์˜ ์ถฉโ€ง๋ฐฉ์ „๋Ÿ‰ ๋ฐ ํšŸ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ• ์ˆ˜๋ก ESS์˜ ์—ดํ™” ํ˜„์ƒ์€ ๊ฐ€์†ํ™”๋˜๋ฉฐ, ์—ดํ™” ํ˜„์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ESS์˜ ์ˆ˜๋ช… ์•ˆ์ •์„ฑ์ด ์ €ํ•˜๋œ๋‹ค. ESS์˜ ์ˆ˜๋ช… ์•ˆ์ •์„ฑ์„ Lyapunov ์ตœ์ ํ™”์— ์ ์šฉํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๊ฐ€์ƒ ๋Œ€๊ธฐ์—ด๋กœ ๋ชจ๋ธ๋งํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์‹ (11)๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ESS์˜ ์ถฉโ€ง๋ฐฉ์ „ ์ „๋ ฅ์ด ESS์˜ ์ˆ˜๋ช…์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ •์˜ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ESS๋ฅผ ๊ณผ๋„ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ถฉโ€ง๋ฐฉ์ „ํ•  ๋•Œ๋งˆ๋‹ค ๊ฐ€์ƒ ๋Œ€๊ธฐ์—ด์ด ์ง€์†์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์—ดํ™” ํ˜„์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ESS์˜ ์ˆ˜๋ช…์ด ์ €ํ•˜๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ฐ˜์˜ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€๋กœ ์ „๋ ฅ์ˆ˜๊ธ‰ ๊ท ํ˜•์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ์™ธ๋ถ€ ๋ฐฐ์ „๋ง์—์„œ ์ „๋ ฅ์„ ๊ตฌ๋งคํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๊ฐ€๋ณ€ ๋ถ€ํ•˜๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ถ€ํ•˜๋ฅผ ์กฐ์ ˆํ•  ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ํ™œ์šฉ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ESS์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ˆ˜๋ช… ์•ˆ์ • ๋ณด์ƒํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ƒ ๋Œ€๊ธฐ์—ด์— ํฌํ•จํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.

(11)
$Q(t+1)=ma x\left[Q(t)-C_{d}\left(P_{L}(t)+P_{G}(t)\right),\: 0\right]+C_{d}(c(t)+d(t))$

Drift-Plus-Penalty ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์ ์šฉํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์‹ (12)๋กœ ์ •์˜๋˜๋Š” ์–‘์˜ ํ•จ์ˆ˜์ธ Lyapunov ํ•จ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ฐ€์ƒ ๋Œ€๊ธฐ์—ด๋กœ ๋ชจ๋ธ๋งํ•œ ESS์˜ ์ˆ˜๋ช… ์•ˆ์ •์„ฑ์„ ์‹ (13)์˜ drfit ํ•ญ์œผ๋กœ ์žฌ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์‹ (3)์—์„œ ์ •์˜๋œ ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๋“œ ์šด์˜๋น„์šฉ์€ penaltyํ•ญ์œผ๋กœ ์ ์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ œ์•ˆ๋œ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์€ Drift-Plus- Penalty ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์‹ (14)๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด driftํ•ญ๊ณผ penaltyํ•ญ์„ ์กฐํ•ฉํ•˜์—ฌ ESS์˜ ์ˆ˜๋ช… ์•ˆ์ •์„ฑ์„ ๋ณด์žฅํ•˜๊ณ , ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๋“œ ์šด์˜๋น„์šฉ์„ ์ตœ์†Œํ™”ํ•˜๋Š” Lyapunov ์ตœ์ ํ™” ๋ฌธ์ œ๋กœ ์žฌ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. $\triangle L(t)$๋กœ ํ‘œํ˜„๋˜๋Š” drift ํ•ญ์€ ESS์˜ ์ˆ˜๋ช… ์ƒํƒœ๋ฅผ ์ถ”์ ํ•˜์—ฌ ์•ˆ์ •์„ฑ์„ ๋ณด์žฅํ•˜๊ณ  ,$C(t)$๋กœ ํ‘œํ˜„๋˜๋Š” penalty ํ•ญ์€ ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๋“œ์˜ ์šด์˜๋น„์šฉ์„ ์ตœ์†Œํ™”ํ•œ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ดํผํŒŒ๋ผ๋ฏธํ„ฐ V๋Š” driftํ•ญ๊ณผ penaltyํ•ญ์˜ ๊ฐ€์ค‘์น˜๋ฅผ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•œ๋‹ค. Lyapunov ์ตœ์ ํ™” ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์€ ESS์˜ ์ˆ˜๋ช… ์•ˆ์ •์„ฑ๊ณผ ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๋“œ ์šด์˜๋น„์šฉ ์ตœ์†Œํ™” ๊ฐ„์˜ ๊ท ํ˜•์„ ์œ ์ง€ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์ „์ฒด ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์˜ ๋ชฉ์ ์„ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ตœ์ ์˜ ์ œ์–ด๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค.

(12)
$L(t)=\dfrac{1}{2}\sum_{i}\left(Q^{i}(t)\right)^{2}$
(13)
$\triangle L(t)=\dfrac{1}{2}\left(Q^{i}(t+1)\right)^{2}-\dfrac{1}{2}\left(Q^{i}(t)\right)^{2}$
(14)
$\begin{cases} mi n imize&\triangle L(t)+ V\bullet C(t)\\ const. &(4)-(10) \end{cases}$

5. ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ

5.1 ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜ ์„ค๊ณ„

๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์—์„œ ์ œ์•ˆ๋œ Lyapunov ์ตœ์ ํ™” ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์˜ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ์„ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด Python์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜์— ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋œ ํƒœ์–‘๊ด‘, ํ’๋ ฅ ๋ฐœ์ „ ๋ฐ ์ˆ˜์š”์ž์› ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋Š” ์ •ํ™•ํ•œ ๋ฐœ์ „ ๋ฐ ์ˆ˜์š” ํŒจํ„ด์„ ๋ฐ˜์˜ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์‹ค์ œ ์„ค๋น„ ๋ฐ ์šด์˜ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 2, ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 3์€ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ๊ฒ€์ฆ์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ ์šฉ๋œ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ํƒœ์–‘๊ด‘, ํ’๋ ฅ ๋ฐœ์ „ ๋ฐ ์ˆ˜์š”์ž์›๊ณผ ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๋“œ์˜ ์ „๋ ฅ์ˆ˜๊ธ‰ ์ƒํƒœ๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ธ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์ผ์ฃผ์ผ์— ํ•ด๋‹นํ•˜๋Š” ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„ ๋™์•ˆ ์žฌ์ƒ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ์ž์›์€ ํ’๋ ฅ ๋ฐœ์ „์˜ ํฐ ๋ณ€๋™์„ฑ, ํƒœ์–‘๊ด‘ ๋ฐœ์ „์˜ ํ•˜๋ฃจ ๋™์•ˆ ์ผ์‚ฌ๋Ÿ‰์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๋ฐœ์ „๋Ÿ‰ ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐ˜์˜ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.

๊ทธ๋ฆผ 2. ํƒœ์–‘๊ด‘, ํ’๋ ฅ ๋ฐœ์ „ ๋ฐ ์ˆ˜์š”์ž์› ์œ ํšจ์ „๋ ฅ

Fig. 2. Active power of renewable energy sources and demand

../../Resources/kiee/KIEE.2024.73.4.662/fig2.png

๊ทธ๋ฆผ 3. ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๋“œ ์ „๋ ฅ์ˆ˜๊ธ‰ ์ƒํƒœ

Fig. 3. Net load of micro-grid

../../Resources/kiee/KIEE.2024.73.4.662/fig3.png

์ˆ˜์š”์ž์›์€ ์ผ์ •ํ•œ ๋ถ€ํ•˜ ํŒจํ„ด์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์‹ค์ œ ์ˆ˜์š”์ž์›์˜ ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐ˜์˜ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์—์„œ ์ œ์•ˆํ•˜๋Š” ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์˜ ํ˜„์‹ค์ ์ธ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ ๊ฒ€์ฆ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๋“œ๋ฅผ ์„ค๊ณ„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.

๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ œ์•ˆ๋œ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์ด ์ „๋ ฅ๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ์ด ๋†’์€ ์‹œ๊ฐ„๋Œ€์— ESS๋ฅผ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ณ„ํ†ต ์šด์˜๋น„์šฉ์„ ๊ฐ์†Œ์‹œํ‚ค๊ณ , ์ „๋ ฅ๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ์ด ๋‚ฎ์€ ์‹œ๊ฐ„๋Œ€์—๋Š” ์™ธ๋ถ€ ๋ฐฐ์ „๋ง๊ณผ ๊ฐ€๋ณ€ ๋ถ€ํ•˜๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ESS์˜ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋ฅ ์„ ์ œ์–ดํ•˜์—ฌ ์ˆ˜๋ช… ์•ˆ์ •์„ฑ์„ ํšจ์œจ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ™•๋ณดํ•˜๋Š”์ง€๋ฅผ ํ™•์ธํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋ณ€๋™๋˜๋Š” ๊ณ„ํ†ตํ•œ๊ณ„๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ(SMP, System Marginal Price)์„ ์ ์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„ ๋™์•ˆ ๋ณ€๋™ํ•˜๋Š” SMP ์ถ”์ด๋Š” ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 4์— ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. SMP ์ด์™ธ์—๋„ ์ผ์ • ๊ทœ๋ชจ ์ด์ƒ์˜ ๋ฐœ์ „ ์„ค๋น„๋ฅผ ๋ณด์œ ํ•œ ๋ฐœ์ „์ž๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์žฌ์ƒ์—๋„ˆ์ง€์› ๊ณต๊ธ‰์„ ์˜๋ฌดํ™”ํ•˜๋Š” ์‹ ์žฌ์ƒ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ๊ณต๊ธ‰ ์˜๋ฌดํ™” ์ œ๋„(RPS, Renewable Energy Portfolio Standard), ์ด๋ฅผ ์ดํ–‰ํ–ˆ์„ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๊ณต๊ธ‰๋ฐ›์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์‹ ์žฌ์ƒ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ๊ณต๊ธ‰ ์ธ์ฆ์„œ(REC, Renewable Energy Certificate) ๋“ฑ ์ „๋ ฅ ๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์ •์ฑ…์ด ์ดํ–‰๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค[13]. ๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๋“œ์˜ ๋ฐœ์ „์›์€ ๋ชจ๋‘ ์‹ ์žฌ์ƒ์—๋„ˆ์ง€๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๋“œ ์šด์˜์ž๋Š” ์‹ ์žฌ์ƒ์—๋„ˆ์ง€์™€ ESS๋ฅผ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ „๋ ฅ ์ˆ˜๊ธ‰ ๊ท ํ˜• ์ œ์–ด๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ์™ธ๋ถ€ ๋ฐฐ์ „๋ง ๋ฐ ๊ฐ€๋ณ€ ๋ถ€ํ•˜๋ฅผ ์ถ”๊ฐ€์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ „๋ ฅ ์ˆ˜๊ธ‰ ๊ท ํ˜•์„ ์ œ์–ดํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋„ ์‹ ์žฌ์ƒ์—๋„ˆ์ง€์˜ ๋ฐœ์ „ ์ „๋ ฅ๋Ÿ‰์„ ์šฐ์„ ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ชจ๋‘ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜๋ฏ€๋กœ ๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์—์„œ๋Š” RPS ์ œ๋„ ๋ฐ REC ์ •์ฑ…์ด ์ „๋ ฅ ๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ์ด ์—†๋‹ค๊ณ  ๊ฐ€์ •ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.

๊ทธ๋ฆผ 4. ๊ณ„ํ†ตํ•œ๊ณ„๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ(SMP)

Fig. 4. System Margin Price(SMP)

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์ตœ์ข…์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์—์„œ ์ œ์•ˆํ•˜๋Š” ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์˜ ์ „๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ์„ ์ฆ๋ช…ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๊ธฐ์กด ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ[14]๊ณผ ๋น„๊ต ๊ฒ€์ฆ์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ธฐ์กด ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ๊ณผ ์ œ์•ˆํ•˜๋Š” ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์€ ๋ชจ๋‘ Python์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌํ˜„๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๋“œ์˜ ๋น„์šฉ ์ตœ์†Œํ™” ๋ฐ ์ „๋ ฅ ์ˆ˜๊ธ‰ ๊ท ํ˜•์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ์™ธ๋ถ€ ๋ฐฐ์ „๋ง์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ์˜ ์ „๋ ฅ ๊ตฌ์ž…, ๊ฐ€๋ณ€ ๋ถ€ํ•˜, ESS์˜ ์ถฉโ€ง๋ฐฉ์ „ ์ „๋ ฅ์„ ์ œ์–ดํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ชจ๋“  ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์€ 1์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๋‹จ์œ„๋กœ ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๋“œ๋ฅผ ์ œ์–ดํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์ผ์ฃผ์ผ๋™์•ˆ ํ•˜๋ฃจ๋ฅผ ์ฃผ๊ธฐ๋กœ ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๋“œ์˜ ์•ˆ์ •์ ์ธ ์šด์˜ ๋ฐ ์ตœ์ ์˜ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ ์ „๋žต์„ ๋„์ถœํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.

5.2 ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ

๊ทธ๋ฆผ 5๋Š” ์ œ์•ˆ๋œ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์—์„œ ํ•˜์ดํผํŒŒ๋ผ๋ฏธํ„ฐ V์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๋“œ ์šด์˜๋น„์šฉ๊ณผ ESS์˜ ์ˆ˜๋ช… ์ €ํ•˜์œจ์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ธ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ž˜ํ”„๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ํ•˜์ดํผํŒŒ๋ผ๋ฏธํ„ฐ V์˜ ์กฐ์ ˆ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๋“œ ์šด์˜๋น„์šฉ๊ณผ ESS์˜ ์ˆ˜๋ช… ์ €ํ•˜์œจ ๊ฐ„์˜ ๊ฐ€์ค‘์น˜๋ฅผ ์œ ์—ฐํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์กฐ์ ˆํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Œ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋†’์€ V๋ฅผ ์„ ํƒํ•  ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, ์ฃผ๋กœ ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๋“œ ์šด์˜๋น„์šฉ ์ตœ์†Œํ™”๋ฅผ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜์—ฌ ESS๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์žฌ์ƒ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€๋ฅผ ์ตœ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ™œ์šฉํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๋“œ์˜ ์šด์˜๋น„์šฉ์„ ์ตœ์†Œํ™”ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด์— ๋‚ฎ์€ V๋ฅผ ์„ ํƒํ•  ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, ESS์˜ ์ˆ˜๋ช… ์•ˆ์ •์„ ์ฃผ๋กœ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜์—ฌ ESS๋ฅผ ์šด์˜ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ์ˆ˜๋ช… ์ €ํ•˜์œจ์ด ๋‚ฎ๋„๋ก ์œ ์ง€ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์œ ๋™์ ์ด๊ณ  ๋‹จ์ˆœํ•œ ํŒŒ๋ผ๋ฏธํ„ฐ๋กœ ์กฐ์ ˆ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์€ ์šด์˜์ž๊ฐ€ ๋ชฉ์ ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ ์ ˆํ•œ ์ œ์–ด๋ฅผ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ์ง€์›ํ•œ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ดํผํŒŒ๋ผ๋ฏธํ„ฐ V์˜ ํฌ๊ธฐ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ๊ด€์‹œ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์ด ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๋“œ๋ฅผ ์ œ์–ดํ•˜๋Š” ๋™์•ˆ์˜ ESS ์ˆ˜๋ช… ์ €ํ•˜ ์ƒํƒœ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 6์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์‹œ๊ฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž๊ฐ€ ๋†’์€ V๋ฅผ ์„ค์ •ํ• ์ˆ˜๋ก ESS์˜ ์ˆ˜๋ช… ์ €ํ•˜์œจ์ด ๋†’๊ฒŒ ์ œ์–ด๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.

๊ทธ๋ฆผ 5. ์ œ์•ˆ๋œ ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์˜ V์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์šด์˜๋น„์šฉ๊ณผ ์ˆ˜๋ช…์ €ํ•˜์œจ

Fig. 5. Operating cost and degradation rate according to V

../../Resources/kiee/KIEE.2024.73.4.662/fig5.png

๊ทธ๋ฆผ 6. V์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๊ฐ€์ƒ ๋Œ€๊ธฐ์—ด(ESS ์ˆ˜๋ช… ์ €ํ•˜) ์ƒํƒœ

Fig. 6. Status of virtual queue(ESS degradation) according to V

../../Resources/kiee/KIEE.2024.73.4.662/fig6.png

ํ‘œ 2์—๋Š” ์ œ์•ˆ๋œ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ๊ณผ ๊ธฐ์กด ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์˜ ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๋“œ ์šด์˜๋น„์šฉ ์ ˆ์•ฝ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ ๋ฐ ESS ์ˆ˜๋ช… ์•ˆ์ •์„ฑ ์ œ์–ด ์„ฑ๋Šฅ, ๊ณ„์‚ฐ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜์—ฌ ์ •๋ฆฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ESS์˜ ์ˆ˜๋ช… ์•ˆ์ •์„ฑ ์ œ์–ด์˜ ์ง€ํ‘œ๋กœ ์ œ์‹œ๋œ ์ˆ˜๋ช…์ €ํ•˜์œจ์€ ESS์˜ ์‚ฌ์ดํด ์ˆ˜๋ช…๋™์•ˆ ์ถฉโ€ง๋ฐฉ์ „ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ „๋ ฅ๋Ÿ‰ ๋Œ€๋น„ ์‹ค์ œ ์ถฉโ€ง๋ฐฉ์ „๋œ ์ „๋ ฅ๋Ÿ‰์˜ ๋น„์œจ๋กœ ๊ณ„์‚ฐํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜๋ฉด ์ œ์–ด๋˜๋ฉด์„œ ์ถฉโ€ง๋ฐฉ์ „๋œ ESS์˜ ์ „๋ ฅ๋Ÿ‰์„ ๋ˆ„์  ๊ณ„์‚ฐํ•˜์—ฌ, ESS ์ˆ˜๋ช…๋™์•ˆ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ถฉโ€ง๋ฐฉ์ „๋Ÿ‰ ๋Œ€๋น„ ํ˜„์žฌ๊นŒ์ง€ ํ™œ์šฉ๋œ ์ „๋ ฅ์˜ ๋ฐฑ๋ถ„์œจ์„ ๊ณ„์‚ฐํ•˜์—ฌ ์ˆ˜๋ช…์ €ํ•˜์œจ(%)์„ ๊ณ„์‚ฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ˆ˜๋ช…์ €ํ•˜์œจ์€ ์‹ (15)๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•ด ๊ณ„์‚ฐํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.

(15)
$Degradation\; Rate(\%)=\sum_{i}\sum_{t=1}^{T}\dfrac{\left | P_{cha}^{i}(t)\right | +\left | P_{dis}^{i}(t)\right |}{E_{ca p}^{i}\times E_{cy}^{i}}$

ํ‘œ 2์—์„œ ํ™•์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋“ฏ์ด, ์ œ์•ˆ๋œ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์€ ๊ณ„์‚ฐ ์‹œ๊ฐ„, ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๋“œ ์šด์˜๋น„์šฉ, ESS ์ˆ˜๋ช… ์•ˆ์ •์„ฑ ์ œ์–ด ์„ฑ๋Šฅ ์ธก๋ฉด์—์„œ ๋ชจ๋‘ ์ด์ „์— ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋œ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ๋ณด๋‹ค ์šฐ์ˆ˜ํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ œ์•ˆ๋œ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์€ ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๋“œ ์šด์˜๋น„์šฉ ์ตœ์†Œํ™”๋งŒ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•œ ๊ธฐ์กด ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ๋ณด๋‹ค 143๋งŒ์›(205,000์›/์ผ)์„ ์ ˆ๊ฐํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ESS์˜ ์ˆ˜๋ช… ์ €ํ•˜์œจ์„ 5.6% ๋‚ฎ์ถ”์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๋“œ๋ฅผ ์ œ์–ดํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ๊ณ„์‚ฐ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ ๋‹จ์ถ•ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ธฐ์กด ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋น ๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ๊ณ„์‚ฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ณ„์‚ฐ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ ๋‹จ์ถ•ํ•  ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ํ–ฅํ›„ ์‹ค์‹œ๊ฐ„ ์ œ์–ด๊ฐ€ ์š”๊ตฌ๋˜๋Š” ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์—๋„ ํ™œ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.

๊ทธ๋ฆผ 7๊ณผ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 8์€ ์ œ์•ˆ๋œ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์—์„œ ๋‹ค์ค‘ ESS๋ฅผ ํ™œ์šฉํ•œ ์ถฉ์ „ ๋ฐ ๋ฐฉ์ „ ์ œ์–ด ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 7์—๋Š” ๋‚ฎ์€ V๋ฅผ ์„ค์ •ํ•˜์—ฌ ESS์˜ ์—ดํ™”๋ฅผ ์ตœ์†Œํ™”ํ•˜๋Š” ์Šค์ผ€์ค„๋ง์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ œ์•ˆ๋œ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์€ SMP๊ฐ€ ๋†’์€ ์‹œ๊ฐ„๋Œ€์—์„œ ESS ์ถฉโ€ง๋ฐฉ์ „์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ์ „๋ ฅ ์ˆ˜๊ธ‰๊ท ํ˜•์„ ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ด€๋ฆฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. SMP๊ฐ€ ๋‚ฎ์€ ์‹œ๊ฐ„๋Œ€์—๋Š” ์™ธ๋ถ€ ์ „๋ ฅ ๊ตฌ๋งค์™€ ๊ฐ€๋ณ€์ ์ธ ๋ถ€ํ•˜๋ฅผ ์ ๊ทน์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ESS์˜ ์ˆ˜๋ช… ์•ˆ์ • ์ƒํƒœ๋ฅผ ์ตœ์ ํ™”ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 8์€ ๋†’์€ V๋ฅผ ์„ค์ •ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๋“œ์˜ ์šด์˜๋น„์šฉ์„ ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ ˆ๊ฐํ•˜๋„๋ก ์ œ์–ดํ•œ ESS ์Šค์ผ€์ค„๋ง ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๋“œ ์šด์˜๋น„์šฉ์„ ์ ˆ๊ฐํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ ๊ทน์ ์œผ๋กœ ESS๋ฅผ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.

๊ทธ๋ฆผ 7. ์ œ์•ˆ๋œ ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์˜ ๋‹ค์ค‘ ESS ์ œ์–ด (V=10)

Fig. 7. Multi-ESS control of proposed model (V=10)

../../Resources/kiee/KIEE.2024.73.4.662/fig7.png

๊ทธ๋ฆผ 8. ์ œ์•ˆ๋œ ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์˜ ๋‹ค์ค‘ ESS ์ œ์–ด (V=60)

Fig. 8. Multi-ESS control of proposed model (V=60)

../../Resources/kiee/KIEE.2024.73.4.662/fig8.png

ํ‘œ 2 ์ œ์•ˆ๋œ ๋ชจ๋ธ๊ณผ Benchmark ๋ชจ๋ธ์˜ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ ๋น„๊ต

Table 2 Comparison between the proposed and the benchmark model

๊ณ„์‚ฐ์‹œ๊ฐ„(s)

๋น„์šฉ(์ฒœ์›)

์ˆ˜๋ช…์ €ํ•˜์œจ

๊ธฐ์กด EMS

4.6160

73,421

1.13%

Lyapunov

(V=10)

2.4654

76,198

1.07%

Lyapunov

(V=60)

3.1054

71,996

1.39%

ESS๋ฅผ ๋™์‹œ์— ์ œ์–ดํ•  ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, ์ผ๋ถ€ ESS์˜ ๋ฐฉ์ „ ์ „๋ ฅ์ด ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ESS๋ฅผ ์ถฉ์ „ํ•˜๋Š” ๋น„ํšจ์œจ์ ์ธ ์ „๋ ฅ ์ด๋™์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์—์„œ ์ œ์•ˆํ•˜๋Š” ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์€ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 7๊ณผ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 8์—์„œ ๋ชจ๋‘ ๋‹ค์ค‘ ESS๋ฅผ ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ „๋ ฅ ์ˆ˜๊ธ‰ ๊ท ํ˜•์„ ์ œ์–ดํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ, ์ถฉโ€ง๋ฐฉ์ „ ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ์˜ ๋น„ํšจ์œจ์ ์ธ ์ „๋ ฅ ์ด๋™์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์†์‹ค ์—†์ด ์›ํ™œํ•œ ์ œ์–ด๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ œ์•ˆํ•˜๋Š” ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์€ ๋ชจ๋“  ์ œ์–ด ์ฃผ๊ธฐ๋งˆ๋‹ค ESS1์€ ์ตœ๋Œ€ 125kW, ESS2๋Š” ์ตœ๋Œ€ 200kW, ESS3์€ ์ตœ๋Œ€ 675kW์˜ ์ „๋ ฅ์„ ์ถฉโ€ง๋ฐฉ์ „ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๊ฐ ESS์˜ ์ตœ๋Œ€ ์ถฉโ€ง๋ฐฉ์ „ ์ „๋ ฅ๋Ÿ‰ ๋‚ด์—์„œ ์ •์ƒ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ œ์–ด๋จ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์ œ์–ด๊ฐ€ ๋๋‚  ๋•Œ๋งˆ๋‹ค SOC๊ฐ€ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ๊ฐ’์œผ๋กœ ์ดˆ๊ธฐํ™”๋˜์–ด, ์ œ์–ด ์ฃผ๊ธฐ๋งˆ๋‹ค ๋™์ผํ•œ ์กฐ๊ฑด์—์„œ ๋‹ค์ค‘ ESS๋ฅผ ์ œ์–ดํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ „๋ ฅ ์ˆ˜๊ธ‰ ๊ท ํ˜• ๋งŒ์กฑ๋„๋Š” ์‹ (16)~(19)๋กœ ๊ณ„์‚ฐ๋˜๋Š” LPSP (Loss of Power Supply Probability)๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ๋ฐธ๋Ÿฐ์‹ฑ ํ‰๊ฐ€์ง€ํ‘œ[15]๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ „๋ ฅ ์ˆ˜๊ธ‰ ๋งŒ์กฑ๋„๋ฅผ ๊ณ„์‚ฐํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, 99.99%๋ฅผ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๋“œ์˜ ์ „๋ ฅ ์ˆ˜๊ธ‰ ๊ท ํ˜•์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ œ์–ด๊ฐ€ ์ ์ ˆํžˆ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์Œ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.

(16)
$P_{available}(t)= P_{G}(t)+P_{PV}(t)+P_{WT}(t)+\sum_{i}P_{dis}^{i}(t)$
(17)
$P_{n eeded}(t)= P_{L}(t)+P_{D}(t)+\sum_{i}P_{cha}^{i}(t)$
(18)
$LPSP =\dfrac{1}{T}\sum_{t}^{T}\left | P_{available}(t)-P_{n eeded}(t)\right |$
(19)
$Energy\; Balance = 100\times(1-LSLP)[\%]$

6. ๊ฒฐ ๋ก 

๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์—์„œ๋Š” Lyapunov ์ตœ์ ํ™”๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์œผ๋กœ ํ•œ ๋‹ค์ค‘ ESS๋ฅผ ํ™œ์šฉํ•œ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์„ ์ œ์•ˆํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ œ์•ˆ๋œ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์€ ๊ฐ€์ƒ ๋Œ€๊ธฐ์—ด์„ ๋„์ž…ํ•˜์—ฌ ESS์˜ ์—ดํ™”์— ์˜ํ•œ ์ˆ˜๋ช… ์ƒํƒœ๋ฅผ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, Drift-Plus-Penalty ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์„ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋‹ค์ค‘ ESS๋ฅผ ํ™œ์šฉํ•œ ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๋“œ์—์„œ ESS์˜ ์ˆ˜๋ช… ์•ˆ์ •๊ณผ ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๋“œ ์šด์˜๋น„์šฉ์„ ๊ท ํ˜•์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜๋Š” Lyapunov ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ์ตœ์ ํ™” ๋ฌธ์ œ๋กœ ์žฌ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ œ์•ˆ๋œ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์€ ์‹ค์ œ ํƒœ์–‘๊ด‘ ๋ฐœ์ „, ํ’๋ ฅ ๋ฐœ์ „ ๋ฐ ์ˆ˜์š”์ž์› ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๋“œ์˜ ์šด์˜๋น„์šฉ ์ตœ์†Œํ™”, ESS ์ˆ˜๋ช… ์•ˆ์ • ์ œ์–ด ๋ฐ ์ „๋ ฅ ์ˆ˜๊ธ‰ ๊ท ํ˜• ์„ฑ๋Šฅ์„ ๊ธฐ์กด ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ๊ณผ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.

์‹คํ—˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ์ œ์•ˆ๋œ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์€ ํ•˜์ดํผํŒŒ๋ผ๋ฏธํ„ฐ V๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์šด์˜๋น„์šฉ ์ตœ์†Œํ™”์™€ ESS ์ˆ˜๋ช… ์•ˆ์ •์„ฑ ๊ฐ„์˜ ๊ท ํ˜•์„ ์กฐ์ ˆํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์œ ์—ฐ์„ฑ์„ ์ฆ๋ช…ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ œ์•ˆ๋œ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์€ ํ†ต๊ณ„์  ์ง€์‹์— ์˜์กดํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•„ ๊ณ„ํ†ต์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ†ต๊ณ„์  ์ง€์‹์ด ๋ถ€์กฑํ•œ ์ƒํ™ฉ์—์„œ๋„ ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ™œ์šฉ๋˜์–ด ๋ณ€๋™์„ฑ์ด ํฐ ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๋“œ์—์„œ๋„ ์šด์˜๋น„์šฉ ์ตœ์†Œํ™” ์„ฑ๋Šฅ ๋ฐ ESS ์ˆ˜๋ช… ์•ˆ์ • ์ œ์–ด ์„ฑ๋Šฅ์—์„œ ๋ชจ๋‘ ๊ธฐ์กด ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ๋ณด๋‹ค ์šฐ์ˆ˜ํ•œ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ œ์•ˆ๋œ ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์€ ์šด์˜๋น„์šฉ ์ตœ์†Œํ™”์™€ ESS ์ˆ˜๋ช… ์•ˆ์ •์„ฑ ๊ฐ„์˜ ๊ท ํ˜• ์žˆ๋Š” ์ตœ์ ํ™”๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์žฅ๊ธฐ์ ์ธ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์„ฑ๊ณผ ํšจ์œจ์„ฑ์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, ์žฌ์ƒ์—๋„ˆ์ง€๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๋“œ์˜ ๋ณ€๋™์ ์ธ ์ „๋ ฅ ์ˆ˜๊ธ‰ ๋ถˆ๊ท ํ˜• ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์—์„œ๋„ ๋‹ค์ค‘ ESS๋ฅผ ์•ˆ์ •์ ์œผ๋กœ ์šด์˜ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ํŠนํžˆ SMP์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ESS์˜ ์šด์˜์„ ์ตœ์ ํ™”ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์„ฑ๊ณผ ESS์˜ ์•ˆ์ •์„ฑ์„ ๋™์‹œ์— ํ™•๋ณดํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํ–ฅํ›„ ์‹ค์‹œ๊ฐ„ ์ œ์–ด, ESS ๊ต์ฒด ์‹œ๊ธฐ, ๊ต์ฒด ๋น„์šฉ ๋“ฑ์˜ ์ถ”๊ฐ€์ ์ธ ์ง€ํ‘œ๋ฅผ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜๋Š” ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ œ์•ˆ๋œ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์„ ๋”์šฑ ํ–ฅ์ƒ์‹œํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค.

Acknowledgements

์ด ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์€ 2024๋…„๋„ ์ •๋ถ€(๊ณผํ•™๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ •๋ณดํ†ต์‹ ๋ถ€)์˜ ์žฌ์›์œผ๋กœ ์ •๋ณดํ†ต์‹ ๊ธฐํšํ‰๊ฐ€์›์˜ ์ง€์›์„ ๋ฐ›์•„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰๋œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ž„ (No. 2022-0-00074, ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ๋””์ง€ํ„ธ ํŠธ์œˆ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ณ ํ•ด์ƒ๋„ ํ•˜์ด๋ธŒ๋ฆฌ๋“œ ๋ชจ๋ธ๋ง ํ”„๋ ˆ์ž„์›Œํฌ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ)

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์ €์ž์†Œ๊ฐœ

์ „์Šน์ฐฌ(Seungchan Jeon)
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He received the B.S. degree from Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea in Electrical Engineering, in 2020. He is currently working toward the Ph.D. degree from Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea in the dept. of electrical engineering. His current research interests include energy management system with renewable energy sources, hydrogen system, and AI applications to control systems.

๋ฐฐ์„ฑ์šฐ(Sungwoo Bae)
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He received the B.S. degree in electrical engineering from Hanyang University, Seoul, South Korea, and the M.S.E. and Ph.D. degrees in electrical engineering from the University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA, in 2006, 2009, and 2011, respectively. From 2012 to 2013, he was a Senior Research Engineer with the Power Center, Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology. From 2013 to 2017, he was with Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, South Korea. Since 2017, he has been an Associate Professor with the Department of Electrical Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, South Korea. In 2005, he was awarded the Grand Prize at the National Electrical Engineering Design Contest by the Minister of Commerce, Industry and Energy of the Republic of Korea.