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  1. (Smart Electrical & Signaling Division, Electrification System Research Department, Korea Railroad Research Institute, Uiwang, Korea)



Pulse-Amplitude-Modulation, Diode-Clamped, Four-Level, Asymmetric Switching, MNRV PWM

1. ์„œ ๋ก 

๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๋‹ค์ด์˜ค๋“œ ํด๋žจํ•‘ ๋ฐฉ์‹์€ ๋ฉ€ํ‹ฐ๋ ˆ๋ฒจ ์ฐจ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•จ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ง๋ ฌ๋กœ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋œ DC ๋งํฌ ์ปคํŒจ์‹œํ„ฐ์˜ ์ „์•• ํŽธ์ฐจ ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋งŽ์€ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์ง„ํ–‰๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค[6]-[9]. ๊ทธ ์ค‘ VVPWM (virtual-vector PWM)๊ณผ COPWM (carrier-overlapped PWM)์€ ๋‹ค์ƒ ๋ฉ€ํ‹ฐ๋ ˆ๋ฒจ PWM ์ธ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ์— ์„ฑ๊ณต์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ ์šฉ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค[10]-[15]. VVPWM์€ ์ฐธ์กฐ ๋ฒกํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ๊ด€๋ จ ์ „๋ฅ˜ ํ•ฉ๊ณ„๊ฐ€ 0์ธ ๊ฐ€์ƒ ๊ณต๊ฐ„ ๋ฒกํ„ฐ๋กœ ํ™•์žฅํ•˜์—ฌ ์บ๋ฆฌ์–ด ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„ ๋‚ด ์ปคํŒจ์‹œํ„ฐ ์ „์•• ํŽธ์ฐจ๋ฅผ ๋น ๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ์ œ๊ฑฐํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์ „์•• ๋ฆฌํ”Œ์ด ํฌ๊ฒŒ ๊ฐ์†Œํ•œ๋‹ค. COPWM์€ ๋‹จ์ผ ๋ช…๋ น ์ „์••์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ธฐํ•˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ •๊ตํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์„ค๊ณ„๋œ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์ค‘์ฒฉ ์บ๋ฆฌ์–ด๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ปคํŒจ์‹œํ„ฐ์˜ ์ „์•• ํŽธ์ฐจ๋ฅผ ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ œ๊ฑฐํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ณผํŠธยท์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๊ณฑ์„ ๋ณด์กดํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์™„์ „ํ•œ ํ๋ฃจํ”„ ์ œ์–ด๋ฅผ ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ์ œ๋กœ ์‹œํ€€์Šค ์ „์•• ๊ณ„์‚ฐ์ด๋‚˜ ๋‹ค์†Œ ๋ณต์žกํ•œ ๋“€ํ‹ฐ ๋ณด์ƒ ์„ค๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์ด ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋ฐฉ์‹์€ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ phase-deposition PWM ๋ฐฉ์‹์— ๋น„ํ•ด ์Šค์œ„์นญ ์†์‹ค์ด ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฌธ์ œ์ ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋‘ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• ๋ชจ๋‘ ๋‹ค์ƒ ๋ฉ€ํ‹ฐ๋ ˆ๋ฒจ ์ธ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ์—๋Š” ์ ํ•ฉํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์Šค์œ„์นญ ์ฃผํŒŒ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ๋†’์€ DC/DC ์ปจ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ์— ์ง์ ‘ ์ ์šฉํ•˜๊ธฐ์—๋Š” ์–ด๋ ต๋‹ค.

ํ•œํŽธ, 2๋ ˆ๋ฒจ ํ† ํด๋กœ์ง€๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋‹ค์ƒ ๋ฉ€ํ‹ฐ๋ ˆ๋ฒจ ๋ชจ๋“ˆ๋Ÿฌ ์ปจ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ์™€ ์ž…๋ ฅ์ง๋ ฌ ์ถœ๋ ฅ๋ณ‘๋ ฌ ์ปจ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋งŽ์€ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์ง„ํ–‰๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค[16,17]. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๊ฐ ํ•˜์œ„ ๋ชจ๋“ˆ์—๋Š” ์ˆ˜๋™ ๋ถ€ํ’ˆ์ด ์ถ”๊ฐ€๋กœ ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์ „์ฒด ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์˜ ๋ถ€ํ”ผ๊ฐ€ ํฌ๊ณ  ๋ณต์žกํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์ „๋ ฅ ๋ฐ€๋„๊ฐ€ ๋‚ฎ๋‹ค. ์„œ๋ธŒ ๋ชจ๋“ˆ ์‚ฌ์ด์— ๋ณ„๋„์˜ ์ „์•• ๋ฐธ๋Ÿฐ์‹ฑ ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜๋„ ํ•„์ˆ˜์ ์ด๋‹ค.

์ตœ๊ทผ ํ’€๋ธŒ๋ฆฟ์ง€ (full-bridge, FB) DC/DC ์ปจ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ์— ์ ์šฉ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ๋‹ค์ค‘์ธ์ ‘ ๊ธฐ์ค€๋ฒกํ„ฐ ๋ถˆ์—ฐ์† ๋ณ€์กฐ ๊ธฐ๋ฒ• (multi neighboring reference vector discontinuous PWM, MNRV DPWM)์ด ๋ณด๊ณ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค[18,19]. ์ง€๋ น์ „์••์˜ ์œ„์น˜์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ปคํŒจ์‹œํ„ฐ์˜ ์ถฉ๋ฐฉ์ „ ํŠน์„ฑ์ด ์„œ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ฐœ์˜ ๊ธฐ์ค€์ „์•• ๋ฒกํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์„ ํƒํ•˜์—ฌ ์ด๋“ค์„ ์กฐํ•ฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ํŠน์ง•์œผ๋กœ ํ•œ๋‹ค. DC-link ์ปคํŒจ์‹œํ„ฐ ๊ฐ„์˜ ์ „์•• ํŽธ์ฐจ๋ฅผ ์ค„์ด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์„ค๊ณ„๋œ ๋“€ํ‹ฐ ๋ณด์ƒ๊ธฐ์˜ ๋„์›€์œผ๋กœ ์ปคํŒจ์‹œํ„ฐ ๊ฐ„์˜ ์ „์•• ๊ท ํ˜•์„ ์‰ฝ๊ฒŒ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ๋ช…๋ น ์ „์••์˜ ํฌ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ํ‰๊ท ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋งŒ์กฑํ•œ๋‹ค. MNRV DPWM์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” FB ๋‹ค์ด์˜ค๋“œ ํด๋žจํ•‘ 4๋ ˆ๋ฒจ LLC ๊ณต์ง„ํ˜• ์ปจ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ๋Š” ๊ธฐ์กด์˜ ์Šค์œ„์นญ ์ฃผํŒŒ์ˆ˜ ์Šค์œ• ๋ฐฉ์‹ ๋Œ€์‹  ์Šค์œ„์นญ ๋ ˆ๊ทธ ์ „์••์˜ ์ง„ํญ์„ ๋ณ€์กฐํ•˜์—ฌ ์ถœ๋ ฅ ์ „์••์„ ์ œ์–ดํ•œ๋‹ค[18]. ํŽ„์Šค ์ง„ํญ ๋ชจ๋“ˆ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜ (pulse amplitude modulation, PAM)์€ ์Šค์œ„์นญ ์ฃผํŒŒ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๊ณต์ง„ ์ฃผํŒŒ์ˆ˜๋กœ ๊ณ ์ •ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ˆ˜๋™ ๋ถ€ํ’ˆ ์„ค๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์šฉ์ดํ•˜๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์˜์ „์•• ์Šค์œ„์นญ (zero voltage switching, ZVS)๋ฅผ ํ™•๋ณดํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋‚ฎ์€ ์žํ™” ์ธ๋•ํ„ด์Šค (Lm)๋กœ ๋‚ด๋ถ€ ์ˆœํ™˜ ์ „๋ฅ˜๊ฐ€ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค.

์œ„์ƒ์ฒœ์ด ํ’€๋ธŒ๋ฆฟ์ง€ (phase-shift FB, PSFB) ์ปจ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ๋Š” ์Šค์œ„์นญ ๋ ˆ๊ทธ ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ์œ„์ƒ์ฐจ๋ฅผ ๋ณ€์กฐํ•˜์—ฌ ๋™์ž‘ํ•œ๋‹ค[20,21]. ์ž…์ถœ๋ ฅ ์ „์••์ด๋“์ด ๋ณต์žกํ•œ ์‚ผ๊ฐํ•จ์ˆ˜ ๊ฐ’๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ๋˜๋Š” ๊ณต์ง„ํ˜• ์ปจ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ์™€ ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ PSFB ์ปจ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ์˜ ์ถœ๋ ฅ์ „์••์€ ๋ ˆ๊ทธ ์œ„์ƒ์ฐจ๋ฅผ ์„ ํ˜• ๋ณ€์กฐํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ๊ฐ„๋‹จํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ œ์–ดํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ผ์ฐจ์ธก ์Šค์œ„์น˜์™€ ์ด์ฐจ์ธก ๋‹ค์ด์˜ค๋“œ ๋ชจ๋‘ ์†Œํ”„ํŠธ ์Šค์œ„์นญ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜์—ฌ ๋„“์€ ๋ถ€ํ•˜ ๋ฒ”์œ„์—์„œ ๋†’์€ ํšจ์œจ์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, ๊ณต์ง„ํ˜• ์ปจ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ์™€ ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ Lm์„ ํฌ๊ฒŒ ์„ค๊ณ„ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์–ด ์ˆœํ™˜ ์ „๋ฅ˜๋ฅผ ํฌ๊ฒŒ ์ค„์ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.

ํ•œํŽธ, FB ํ† ํด๋กœ์ง€๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ MNRV DPWM ๋ฐฉ์‹์€ FB๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•˜๋Š” 2๊ฐœ์˜ ํ•˜ํ”„ ๋ธŒ๋ฆฌ์ง€(half-bridge, HB)์˜ ๋Œ€์นญ ์ œ์–ด ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌํ˜„ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Œ์ด ์ž…์ฆ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค[22]. ์ด๋Š” MNRV DPWM์ด ํ–ฅํ›„ 2 phase, 3 phase ๋˜๋Š” ๊ทธ ์ด์ƒ์˜ ๋‹ค์ƒ ์ „๋ ฅ ๋ณ€ํ™˜ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์— ๋„๋ฆฌ ์ ์šฉ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Œ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ๋‹ค.

๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์—์„œ๋Š” 2๊ฐœ์˜ ๋Œ€์นญ HB ์ œ์–ด ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ FB ๋‹ค์ด์˜ค๋“œ ํด๋žจํ”„ 4๋ ˆ๋ฒจ ๋น„๋Œ€์นญ ์Šค์œ„์นญ ์ปจ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์ œ์•ˆํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ œ์•ˆํ•˜๋Š” ์ปจ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ์˜ ํšŒ๋กœ ๋ฐ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ ๋™์ž‘ ์›๋ฆฌ๋Š” 2์žฅ์—์„œ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ •์ƒ ์ƒํƒœ์—์„œ์˜ ์ƒ์„ธํ•œ ๋™์ž‘ ํŠน์„ฑ์€ 3์žฅ์—์„œ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 4์žฅ์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ธฐ์กด ๊ณต์ง„ํ˜• ์ปจ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ์™€ PSFB ์ปจ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ์™€ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜์—ฌ ์ œ์•ˆํ•˜๋Š” ๋น„๋Œ€์นญ ์Šค์œ„์นญ ์ปจ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ์˜ ์žฅ์ ์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜๊ณ  ์ œ์•ˆํ•œ ์ปจ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ์— ์ ํ•ฉํ•œ ์บ๋ฆฌ์–ด ์„ค๊ณ„ ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์„œ์ˆ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 5์žฅ์—์„œ ๋ช‡๊ฐ€์ง€ ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ œ์•ˆํ•˜๋Š” ์ปจ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ์˜ ๋™์ž‘ ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜๊ณ  ์œ ํšจ์„ฑ์„ ๊ฒ€์ฆํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์—์„œ ์ œ์•ˆํ•˜๋Š” ๋น„๋Œ€์นญ ์Šค์œ„์นญ ์ปจ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ๋Š” ๋†’์€ ์ž…๋ ฅ ์ „์••์„ ์š”๊ตฌํ•˜๋Š” MVDC-to-LVDC์—์„œ์˜ ์ปจ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ ์Šคํ…Œ์ด์…˜์ด๋‚˜, ์ „๊ธฐ์ฐจ ์ถฉ์ „๊ธฐ, ์ฒ ๋„์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰ ์ถ”์ง„์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ๋“ฑ์— ํ™œ์šฉ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.

2. ์ œ์•ˆํ•˜๋Š” FB ๋‹ค์ด์˜ค๋“œ ํด๋žจํ”„ 4๋ ˆ๋ฒจ ๋น„๋Œ€์นญ ์Šค์œ„์นญ ์ปจ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ์˜ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ ์›๋ฆฌ

2.1 4๋ ˆ๋ฒจ ๋น„๋Œ€์นญ ์Šค์œ„์นญ ์ปจ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ ํšŒ๋กœ์™€ ์Šค์œ„์นญ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ ์›๋ฆฌ

์ œ์•ˆํ•˜๋Š” ์ปจ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ์˜ ํšŒ๋กœ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 1๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค. DC ๋งํฌ ๋‹จ์€ ์ง๋ ฌ๋กœ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋œ 3๊ฐœ์˜ ์บํŒจ์‹œํ„ฐ Cin1, Cin2, Cin3์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋œ๋‹ค. ์Šค์œ„์นญ ์Šคํƒ์€ A์ƒ ์Šค์œ„์น˜ QA1~QA6, B์ƒ ์Šค์œ„์น˜ QB1~QB6, ํด๋žจํ•‘ ๋‹ค์ด์˜ค๋“œ๋“ค๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ง๋ ฌ ์ธ๋•ํ„ฐ (LS)๋Š” Lm๊ณผ n:1:1์˜ ๊ถŒ์„ ๋น„๋ฅผ ๊ฐ–๋Š” ํŠธ๋žœ์Šคํฌ๋จธ(TX)์˜ ๋ˆ„์„ค ์ธ๋•ํ„ด์Šค๋ฅผ ํฌํ•จํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ •๋ฅ˜๋‹จ์€ ์ถœ๋ ฅ ๋‹ค์ด์˜ค๋“œ DO1, DO2๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋˜๋ฉฐ ์ถœ๋ ฅ ํ‰ํ™œ ์ธ๋•ํ„ฐ LO์™€ ์ถœ๋ ฅ ์ปคํŒจ์‹œํ„ฐ CO๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋ถ€ํ•˜ R์— ์ „์›์„ ๊ณต๊ธ‰ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋‹ค์ด์˜ค๋“œ ํด๋žจํ”„ ํ† ํด๋กœ์ง€ ํŠน์„ฑ์— ๋งž๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋‹จ์— ์œ„์น˜ํ•œ ์Šค์œ„์น˜๋Š” ํ•ด๋‹น ์ƒ์˜ ์ƒ๋‹จ์— ์œ„์น˜ํ•œ ์Šค์œ„์น˜์˜ ์˜จ/์˜คํ”„ ์ƒํƒœ์™€ ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€๋กœ ๊ฒฐ์ •๋œ๋‹ค. QA1 ๋ฐ QA4, QA2 ๋ฐ QA5, QA3 ๋ฐ QA6์€ ์„œ๋กœ ์ƒ๋ณด์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋™์ž‘ํ•˜๋Š” ์Šค์œ„์น˜ ์Œ์ด๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” B์ƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋„ ๋งˆ์ฐฌ๊ฐ€์ง€์ด๋‹ค.

๊ทธ๋ฆผ 1. ์ œ์•ˆํ•˜๋Š” ํ’€๋ธŒ๋ฆฟ์ง€ ๋‹ค์ด์˜ค๋“œ ํด๋žจํ”„ 4๋ ˆ๋ฒจ ๋น„๋Œ€์นญ ์Šค์œ„์นญ ์ปจ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ ํšŒ๋กœ

Fig. 1. Circuit diagram of the proposed full-bridge diode-clamped four-level asymmetric switching converter

../../Resources/kiee/KIEE.2024.73.6.1042/fig1.png

๊ทธ๋ฆผ 2๋Š” ๋ช…๋ น ์ „์•• Vcmd๊ฐ€ ์–‘์ผ ๋•Œ FB ๋‹ค์ด์˜ค๋“œ ํด๋žจํ•‘ 4๋ ˆ๋ฒจ ํ† ํด๋กœ์ง€์— ์ ์šฉ๋œ ๋Œ€์นญ์ ์ธ 2๊ฐœ์˜ HB ์ œ์–ด ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ MNRV PWM์˜ ์›๋ฆฌ (๊ทธ๋ฆผ 2a)์™€ ์Šค์œ„์นญ ํŒจํ„ด (๊ทธ๋ฆผ 2b)์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ธ๋‹ค. ๋Œ€์นญ HB ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ MNRV PWM์—์„œ Vcmd๋Š” ์ƒ A์™€ B์— ํ•ด๋‹นํ•˜๋Š” ๋‘ ๊ฐœ์˜ ๋ช…๋ น ์ „์•• Vcmd_A = 0.5Vcmd ๋ฐ Vcmd_B = -0.5Vcmd๋กœ ๋‚˜๋‰œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  0.5Vin์˜ ์ •๊ทœํ™” ์ „์••์„ ๋”ํ•˜์—ฌ VCMD_A์™€ VCMD_B์˜ ์ตœ์ข… ๋ช…๋ น๊ฐ’์„ VCMD_A = Vcmd_A+0.5Vin, VCMD_B = Vcmd_B+0.5Vin์œผ๋กœ ์„ค์ •ํ•œ๋‹ค.

๊ทธ๋ฆผ 2. FB ํ† ํด๋กœ์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ 2๊ฐœ์˜ ๋Œ€์นญ HB ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ MNRV PWM ์„ค๊ณ„ ๊ทœ์น™: (a) MNRV PWM ์›๋ฆฌ (b) m์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์Šค์œ„์นญ ํŒจํ„ด

Fig. 2. Two symmetric HB-based MNRV PWM design rule for FB topology: (a) MNRVใ€€PWM principles (b) switching patterns according to the m

../../Resources/kiee/KIEE.2024.73.6.1042/fig2.png

๊ทธ๋ฆผ 2a๋Š” FB ๋‹ค์ด์˜ค๋“œ ํด๋žจํ•‘ ํšŒ๋กœ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ 2๊ฐœ์˜ ๋Œ€์นญ HB ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ MNRV PWM์˜ ์„ค๊ณ„ ๊ทœ์น™์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ธ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ€์ƒ ์ค‘์„ฑ์  0.5Vin๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ์ค€์œผ๋กœ VCMD_A ๋˜๋Š” VCMD_B๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€์ƒ ์ „์••๋ณด๋‹ค ํฌ๋ฉด large vector region (LVR)๋กœ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜ํ•˜๊ณ , ๊ฐ€์ƒ ์ „์••๋ณด๋‹ค ์ž‘์œผ๋ฉด small vector region (SVR)๋กœ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ช…๋ น ์ „์••์˜ ์œ„์น˜์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ DC ๋งํฌ ์ปคํŒจ์‹œํ„ฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์„œ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ถฉ์ „/๋ฐฉ์ „ ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์ธ์ ‘ ์ฐธ์กฐ ์ „์•• ๋ฒกํ„ฐ๊ฐ€ ์„ ํƒ๋œ๋‹ค. LVR์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ธฐ์ค€ ์ „์•• ๋ฒกํ„ฐ๊ฐ€ E์—์„œ 3E๊นŒ์ง€ ์„ ํƒ๋˜๊ณ  SVR์—์„œ๋Š” 0์—์„œ 2E๊นŒ์ง€ ์„ ํƒ๋œ๋‹ค. ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ E๋Š” ์ปคํŒจ์‹œํ„ฐ์˜ ๋‹จ์œ„ ์ „์•• ๋ ˆ๋ฒจ๋กœ DC ๋งํฌ ์ „์•• Vin์˜ 1/3์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ๋‹ค. Vcmd > 0์ผ ๋•Œ, VCMD_A๋Š” ํ•ญ์ƒ ์ค‘์„ฑ์  (0.5Vin) ์ด์ƒ์ด๋ฏ€๋กœ LVR์— ์†ํ•˜๊ณ , VCMD_B๋Š” ํ•ญ์ƒ SVR์— ์†ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. Vcmd < 0์ผ ๋•Œ์—๋Š” ๊ทธ ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€์ด๋‹ค. ์ฐธ์กฐ ๊ณ„๋‹จ ์ „์•• ์•„๋ž˜์— ํ‘œ์‹œํ•œ C ํ˜น์€ D๋Š” ํ•ด๋‹น ์ฐธ์กฐ ์ „์•• ๋ฒกํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ํ™œ์šฉํ•  ๋•Œ์˜ ์ปคํŒจ์‹œํ„ฐ ์ถฉ๋ฐฉ์ „ ์ƒํƒœ๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ธ๋‹ค. ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด, 2E์—์„œ์˜ ์ปคํŒจ์‹œํ„ฐ ์ถฉ๋ฐฉ์ „ ์ƒํƒœ๋Š” ํ•ด๋‹น ์ƒ์˜ ์ „๋ฅ˜๊ฐ€ ์–‘์ผ ๋•Œ CDD์ด๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋Š” Cin1์ด ์ถฉ์ „๋˜๊ณ  Cin2 ๋ฐ Cin3์ด ๋ฐฉ์ „๋จ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 2b๋Š” ๋ชจ๋“ˆ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜ ๋ณ€์กฐ ์ง€์ˆ˜ m=Vcmd/Vin(-1โ‰คmโ‰ค1)์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์Šค์œ„์นญ ํŒจํ„ด์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ธ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋Œ€์นญ ์Šค์œ„์นญ ์ปจ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ๋Š” ํ›„์ˆ ํ•  ์บ๋ฆฌ์–ด์˜ ํ˜•ํƒœ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€ Type์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„๋˜๋Š”๋ฐ Vcmd์˜ ๊ทน์„ฑ์ด ์Œ์—์„œ ์–‘์œผ๋กœ ๋ณ€ํ™”ํ•  ๋•Œ A ์ƒ ์Šค์œ„์นญ ์ƒํƒœ๊ฐ€ โ€œ1โ€์—์„œ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋†’์•„์ง€๋ฉด Type I, โ€œ3โ€์—์„œ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋‚ฎ์•„์ง€๋ฉด Type II๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ช…๋ช…ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์•ž์„œ ์–ธ๊ธ‰ํ•œ๋ฐ”์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ๋น„๋Œ€์นญ ์Šค์œ„์นญ ์ปจ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ๋Š” Vcmd์˜ ํฌ๊ธฐ์™€ ๊ด€๊ณ„์—†์ด Vcmd๊ฐ€ ์–‘์ด๋ฉด A ์ƒ ์ง€๋ น์น˜๋Š” LVR์—, B ์ƒ ์ง€๋ น์น˜๋Š” SVR์— ์œ„์น˜ํ•˜๋ฏ€๋กœ A ์ƒ์˜ ์Šค์œ„์นญ ์ƒํƒœ๋Š” โ€œ1โ€, โ€œ2โ€, โ€œ3โ€์—์„œ ๋ณ€ํ™”ํ•˜๊ณ  B ์ƒ์˜ ์Šค์œ„์นญ ์ƒํƒœ๋Š” โ€œ0โ€, โ€œ1โ€, โ€œ2โ€์ค‘์—์„œ ๋ณ€ํ™”ํ•œ๋‹ค. m์˜ ํฌ๊ธฐ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ํฌ๊ฒŒ 3๊ฐ€์ง€ ์˜์—ญ์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„๋˜์–ด ๋…ํŠนํ•œ ์Šค์œ„์นญ ํŒจํ„ด์„ ํ˜•์„ฑํ•œ๋‹ค.

์ปคํŒจ์‹œํ„ฐ์˜ ์ „์•• ํŽธ์ฐจ๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ฑฐํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ปคํŒจ์‹œํ„ฐ ์ „์•• ํŽธ์ฐจ์— ๋น„๋ก€ํ•˜๋Š” ๋“€ํ‹ฐ ๋ณด์ƒ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ (1)๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ์„ค๊ณ„ํ•œ๋‹ค.

(1)
../../Resources/kiee/KIEE.2024.73.6.1042/eq1.png

๋“€ํ‹ฐ ๋ณด์ƒ ํŒŒ๋ผ๋ฏธํ„ฐ์ธ dcomp1_23๊ณผ dcomp12_3์€ ๊ฐ๊ฐ Vin1๊ณผ (Vin2+Vin3)/2์˜ ์ฐจ์ด์™€ (Vin1+Vin2)/2์™€ Vin3์˜ ์ฐจ์ด์— ๋น„๋ก€ํ•œ๋‹ค. Vin1, Vin2, Vin3์€ ๊ฐ๊ฐ Cin1, Cin2, Cin3์˜ ์–‘๋‹จ ์ „์••์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ธ๋‹ค. (1)์—์„œ kp์™€ ki๋Š” PI ์ œ์–ด๊ธฐ์˜ ๋น„๋ก€ ๋ฐ ์ ๋ถ„ ๊ฒŒ์ธ์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ธ๋‹ค.

(2)
../../Resources/kiee/KIEE.2024.73.6.1042/eq2.png
(3)
../../Resources/kiee/KIEE.2024.73.6.1042/eq3.png

LVR์˜ E ๋ฒกํ„ฐ์™€ SVR์˜ 2E ๋ฒกํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ์ค€์œผ๋กœ ๋ณผํŠธยท์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๊ณฑ์„ ๋งŒ์กฑํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ (2)๊ณผ (3)์— ์˜ํ•ด Vcmd์— ๊ทน์„ฑ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๊ฐ ๊ธฐ์ค€ ๋ฒกํ„ฐ๋“ค์˜ ๋“€ํ‹ฐ๋น„๊ฐ€ ๊ฒฐ์ •๋œ๋‹ค.

d0,X, dE,X, d2E,X ๋ฐ d3E,X (X = A ๋˜๋Š” B)๋Š” ๊ฐ๊ฐ ์Šคํ… ์ „์•• 0, E, 2E ๋ฐ 3E ๋ฒกํ„ฐ์˜ ๋“€ํ‹ฐ๋น„๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ธ๋‹ค. (2)๊ณผ (3)์—์„œ ๋ณด๋Š” ๋ฐ”์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ๊ฐ ์ฐธ์กฐ ์ „์•• ๋ฒกํ„ฐ์˜ ๋“€ํ‹ฐ๋น„์—๋Š” ๋“€ํ‹ฐ ๋ณด์ƒ ํŒŒ๋ผ๋ฏธํ„ฐ๊ฐ€ ํฌํ•จ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์œผ๋ฏ€๋กœ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋“€ํ‹ฐ ์กฐํ•ฉ์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ปคํŒจ์‹œํ„ฐ ์ „์•• ํŽธ์ฐจ๊ฐ€ ์ œ์–ด๋  ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์˜ˆ์ƒํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.

(4)
../../Resources/kiee/KIEE.2024.73.6.1042/eq4.png
(5)
../../Resources/kiee/KIEE.2024.73.6.1042/eq5.png

๊ฐ ์Šคํ… ์ „์••์˜ ๋“€ํ‹ฐ๋น„๋ฅผ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•œ ํ›„, A ๋ฐ B ๋ ˆ๊ทธ์˜ ์ตœ์ข… PWM ๋ช…๋ น๊ฐ’ PWM_CMD_X๋Š” Vcmd ๊ทน์„ฑ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ (5) ๋ฐ (6)๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ๊ณ„์‚ฐ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ Nmax๋Š” ์บ๋ฆฌ์–ด ์ฃผ๊ธฐ ๊ฐ’์— ํ•ด๋‹นํ•œ๋‹ค.

2.2 ์ œ์–ด ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜

๊ทธ๋ฆผ 3์€ ์ œ์•ˆํ•˜๋Š” ๋น„๋Œ€์นญ ์Šค์œ„์นญ ์ปจ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ์˜ ์ œ์–ด ๋ธ”๋ก๋„๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ธ๋‹ค. ์ถœ๋ ฅ์ „์•• VO๋ฅผ ์ผ์ •ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ œ์–ดํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด PI์ œ์–ด๋ฅผ ํ•˜์—ฌ Vampl๋ฅผ ์ถœ๋ ฅํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” PWM ๋ช…๋ น ์ „์••์˜ ์ง„ํญ์— ํ•ด๋‹นํ•œ๋‹ค. Vampl์— ๋ฐ˜์ฃผ๊ธฐ๋งˆ๋‹ค ยฑ1์„ ๊ต๋ฒˆํ•˜๋Š” ์Šค์œ„์นญ ๊ตฌํ˜•ํŒŒ๋ฅผ ๊ณฑํ•˜์—ฌ Vcmd๋ฅผ ์ƒ์„ฑํ•œ๋‹ค.์ด Vcmd๋Š” Vcmd_A์™€ Vcmd_B๋กœ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„๋œ๋‹ค. 0.5Vin์˜ ์ •๊ทœํ™” ์š”์†Œ๋ฅผ ๋”ํ•˜๊ณ  (1)์˜ ๋“€ํ‹ฐ ๋ณด์ƒ์น˜๋ฅผ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ตœ์ข… PWM ๋ช…๋ น์ด ์ƒ์„ฑ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. down ๋˜๋Š” up ํƒ€์ž…์œผ๋กœ ์ ์ ˆํ•œ ์บ๋ฆฌ์–ด๋ฅผ ์„ค๊ณ„ํ•˜๋ฉด ์ตœ์ข…์ ์œผ๋กœ A, B leg์˜ ์ ์ ˆํ•œ ๊ฒŒ์ดํŠธ ์‹ ํ˜ธ๊ฐ€ ์ถœ๋ ฅ๋œ๋‹ค.

๊ทธ๋ฆผ 3. ์ œ์–ด ๋ธ”๋ก๋„

Fig. 3. Control block diagram

../../Resources/kiee/KIEE.2024.73.6.1042/fig3.png

๊ทธ๋ฆผ 4๋Š” ์ œ์•ˆํ•˜๋Š” ๋น„๋Œ€์นญ ์Šค์œ„์นญ ์ปจ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ์˜ PWM ๋ช…๋ น ๊ฐ’์„ ๊ณ„์‚ฐํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์†Œ์Šค ์ฝ”๋“œ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค€๋‹ค. Vcmd๋ฅผ Vcmd_A์™€ Vcmd_B๋กœ ๋‚˜๋ˆ„๊ณ , 0.5Vin์„ ๋”ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ตœ์ข… ์ง€๋ น์น˜์ธ VCMD_A์™€ VCMD_B๋ฅผ ๊ณ„์‚ฐํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ช…๋ น๊ฐ’ VCMD_A์™€ VCMD_B์˜ ์œ„์น˜๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„ํ•˜๊ณ , ๊ธฐ์ค€ ๋ฒกํ„ฐ์˜ ๋“€ํ‹ฐ๋ฅผ ๊ณ„์‚ฐํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ์ฐธ์กฐ ๋ฒกํ„ฐ๋“ค์˜ ๋“€ํ‹ฐ๋Š” ๋ณผํŠธยท์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๊ณฑ์„ ๋งŒ์กฑํ•˜๋„๋ก ์„ค๊ณ„ํ•˜๋ฉด, PWM_CMD_X๋ฅผ ์ƒ์„ฑํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. A ๋˜๋Š” B ์ƒ์— ๊ณตํ†ต๋˜๋Š” ์ฝ”๋“œ๋Š” ๊ธฐํ˜ธ X๋กœ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ํ‘œ์‹œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.

๊ทธ๋ฆผ 4. PWM_CMD ์ƒ์„ฑ ์ฝ”๋“œ

Fig. 4. Source code for the generation of PWM_CMDs

../../Resources/kiee/KIEE.2024.73.6.1042/fig4.png

3. 4๋ ˆ๋ฒจ ๋น„๋Œ€์นญ ์Šค์œ„์นญ ์ปจ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ ๋ถ„์„

3.1 ๋ชจ๋“œ ๋ถ„์„

|m|โ‰ฅ0.5์ผ ๋•Œ, ์ปคํŒจ์‹œํ„ฐ ์ „์•• ๋ณ€๋™์„ ์ผ์œผํ‚ค๋Š” ์Šค์œ„์นญ ์ƒํƒœ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋“ฑ๊ฐ€ ํšŒ๋กœ๋ฅผ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 5์— ํ‘œํ˜„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. (30), (03), (33) ๋ฐ (00)์„ ์ œ์™ธํ•˜๊ณ  ์ปคํŒจ์‹œํ„ฐ ์ „์•• ํŽธ์ฐจ๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ชจ๋“  ์Šค์œ„์นญ ์Œ์—์„œ ๊ณ ์œ ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•œ๋‹ค. ํ•œ ์ฃผ๊ธฐ ๋™์•ˆ CDD, CCD, DCC, DDC์˜ ์ปคํŒจ์‹œํ„ฐ ์ถฉ๋ฐฉ์ „ ์ƒํƒœ๋ฅผ ๋ชจ๋‘ ํ™œ์šฉํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ์ปคํŒจ์‹œํ„ฐ ์ „์•• ํŽธ์ฐจ๋ฅผ ์ตœ์†Œํ™”ํ•œ๋‹ค.

๊ทธ๋ฆผ 5. ์ „์•• ํŽธ์ฐจ๋ฅผ ๋ฐœ์ƒ์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ํšŒ๋กœ ๋™์ž‘ ์ƒํƒœ

Fig. 5. Equivalent circuits that excite a voltage deviation

../../Resources/kiee/KIEE.2024.73.6.1042/fig5.png

์ •์ƒ ์ƒํƒœ์—์„œ์˜ ๋™์ž‘ ํŒŒํ˜•์„ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 6์— ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ, ์บ๋ฆฌ์–ด๋Š” Type I์„ ๊ฐ€์ •ํ•œ๋‹ค.

๊ทธ๋ฆผ 6. ์ •์ƒ ์ƒํƒœ์—์„œ์˜ ๋™์ž‘ ํŒŒํ˜•

Fig. 6. Steady-State operating waveforms

../../Resources/kiee/KIEE.2024.73.6.1042/fig6.png

๋ชจ๋“œ 1[t0, t1]: t0์—์„œ Vcmd์˜ ๊ทน์„ฑ์€ ์Œ์—์„œ ์–‘์œผ๋กœ ๋ณ€๊ฒฝ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ด ๋ชจ๋“œ์—์„œ์˜ ์Šค์œ„์นญ ์ƒํƒœ๋Š” (10)์ด๋ฉฐ, ์ปคํŒจ์‹œํ„ฐ ์ถฉ๋ฐฉ์ „ ์ƒํƒœ๋Š” DDC๋กœ์จ Cin1๊ณผ Cin2๋Š” 1/3ยทILS๋กœ ๋ฐฉ์ „ํ•˜๊ณ , Cin3์€ 2/3ยทILS๋กœ ์ถฉ์ „๋œ๋‹ค. ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ILS๋Š” LS์˜ ์ „๋ฅ˜์ด๋‹ค. t0์—์„œ QA3 ์Šค์œ„์น˜๊ฐ€ turn on (QA6 ์Šค์œ„์น˜๋Š” turn off) ๋˜๊ณ  QB3 ์Šค์œ„์น˜๊ฐ€ turn off ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ด ๋ชจ๋“œ๋Š” DO1๊ณผ DO2๊ฐ€ ๋ชจ๋‘ ์†Œํ”„ํŠธํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ •๋ฅ˜๋˜๋Š” ์ •๋ฅ˜ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„์— ํ•ด๋‹นํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ถœ๋ ฅ ์ธ๋•ํ„ฐ ์ „๋ฅ˜ ILO๋Š” 2๊ฐœ์˜ ์ถœ๋ ฅ ๋‹ค์ด์˜ค๋“œ ์ „๋ฅ˜์˜ ํ•ฉ๋‹ค. ์ด ๋ชจ๋“œ์˜ ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๊ธธ์ด๋Š” dE,AยทT/2์™€ ๊ฐ™์œผ๋ฉฐ 1์ฐจ์ธก ์Šค์œ„์นญ ์ „์•• VAB๋Š” 2์ฐจ์ธก์— ์ธ๊ฐ€๋˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค. ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ T๋Š” ์Šค์œ„์นญ ์ฃผ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ๋‹ค.

๋ชจ๋“œ 2 [t1, t2]: t1์—์„œ QA2๊ฐ€ turn on (QA5 ์Šค์œ„์น˜๋Š” turn off) ๋œ๋‹ค. ๋ชจ๋“œ 1์˜ ์ •๋ฅ˜ ๊ณผ์ •์€ ๋ชจ๋“œ 2์—์„œ๋„ ์ด์–ด์ง„๋‹ค. ์ด ๋ชจ๋“œ์—์„œ์˜ ์Šค์œ„์นญ ์ƒํƒœ๋Š” (20)์ด๋ฉฐ, ์ปคํŒจ์‹œํ„ฐ ์ถฉ๋ฐฉ์ „ ์ƒํƒœ๋Š” DCC๋กœ์จ Cin1์€ 2/3ยทILS๋กœ ๋ฐฉ์ „ํ•˜๊ณ , Cin2๊ณผ Cin3์€ 1/3ยทILS๋กœ ์ถฉ์ „๋œ๋‹ค. t2์—์„œ QA1์ด ์ผœ์งˆ ๋•Œ๊นŒ์ง€ ์ด ๋ชจ๋“œ๋Š” ์ง€์†๋œ๋‹ค. ์ด ๋ชจ๋“œ์˜ ๊ธธ์ด๋Š” d2E,AยทT/2์— ํ•ด๋‹นํ•œ๋‹ค.

๋ชจ๋“œ 3[t2, t3]: t2์—์„œ QA4๊ฐ€ turn off ๋˜๊ณ  QA1์ด ์Œ์˜ ILS๋กœ ZVS turn on ๋˜์–ด ์Šค์œ„์นญ ์ƒํƒœ๋Š” (30)์ด ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ถ”๊ฐ€์ ์ธ ์ปคํŒจ์‹œํ„ฐ ์ „์•• ํŽธ์ฐจ๋Š” ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค. ๋ชจ๋“œ 3์˜ ๊ธธ์ด๋Š” (dloss-dE,A-d2E,A)ยทT/2์— ํ•ด๋‹นํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ชจ๋“œ 1 ~ ๋ชจ๋“œ 3์€ ๋ชจ๋‘ ์ถœ๋ ฅ ๋‹ค์ด์˜ค๋“œ์˜ ์ •๋ฅ˜ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„์œผ๋กœ ๋“€ํ‹ฐ ์†์‹ค ๊ตฌ๊ฐ„ (dlossยทT/2)์— ํ•ด๋‹นํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ชจ๋“œ 3์ด ๋๋‚˜๋ฉด์„œ ์ด์ฐจ์ธก ๋‹ค์ด์˜ค๋“œ์˜ ์ •๋ฅ˜ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„์ด ๋๋‚˜๊ณ  LO์˜ ์ „๋ฅ˜ ILO๋Š” DO1์ด ๊ณต๊ธ‰ํ•œ๋‹ค.

๋ชจ๋“œ 4[t3, t4]: t3์—์„œ ์ •๋ฅ˜ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„์ด ์ข…๋ฃŒ๋˜๊ณ  ์Šค์œ„์นญ ์ƒํƒœ๋Š” ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ (30)๋กœ์จ ์ปคํŒจ์‹œํ„ฐ ์ „์•• ํŽธ์ฐจ๋ฅผ ๋ฐœ์ƒ์‹œํ‚ค์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค. Vin/n์˜ VAB๊ฐ€ DO1์„ ํ†ตํ•ด LO์— ์ธ๊ฐ€๋˜๊ณ  ILO๋Š” (Vin/n-VO)/LO์˜ ์–‘์˜ ๊ธฐ์šธ๊ธฐ๋กœ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด ๋ชจ๋“œ๋Š” t4์—์„œ QB3์ด ์ผœ์งˆ ๋•Œ๊นŒ์ง€ ๊ณ„์†๋œ๋‹ค. ์ด ๋ชจ๋“œ๋Š” main ํŒŒ์›Œ๋ง ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„์— ํ•ด๋‹นํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ธธ์ด๋Š” (d0,B-dloss)ยทT/2๋‹ค.

๋ชจ๋“œ 5[t4, t5]: t4์—์„œ QB3์ด ์ผœ์ง€๊ณ  QB6๊ฐ€ ๊บผ์ง€๋ฉด ์Šค์œ„์นญ ์ƒํƒœ๋Š” (31)๋กœ์จ ์ปคํŒจ์‹œํ„ฐ ์ถฉ๋ฐฉ์ „ ์ƒํƒœ๋Š” DDC๊ฐ€ ๋˜์–ด Cin1๊ณผ Cin2๋Š” 1/3ยทILS๋กœ ๋ฐฉ์ „ํ•˜๊ณ , Cin3์€ 2/3ยทILS๋กœ ์ถฉ์ „๋œ๋‹ค. 2/3ยทVin/n์˜ VAB๊ฐ€ DO1์„ ํ†ตํ•ด LO์— ์ธ๊ฐ€๋˜๊ณ  ILO๋Š” (2/3ยทVin/n-VO)/LO์˜ ์Œ์˜ ๊ธฐ์šธ๊ธฐ๋กœ ๊ฐ์†Œํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด ๋ชจ๋“œ๋Š” t5์—์„œ QB5๊ฐ€ ๊บผ์งˆ ๋•Œ๊นŒ์ง€ ๊ณ„์†๋œ๋‹ค. ์ด ๋ชจ๋“œ๋Š” main ํŒŒ์›Œ๋ง ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„ ํ›„์— ์ถ”๊ฐ€๋œ ํŒŒ์›Œ๋ง ๊ตฌ๊ฐ„์— ํ•ด๋‹นํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ธธ์ด๋Š” dE,BยทT/2์ด๋‹ค.

๋ชจ๋“œ 6[t5, t6]: t5์—์„œ QB6๊ฐ€ ๊บผ์ง€๋ฉด ์Šค์œ„์นญ ์ƒํƒœ๋Š” (32)๋กœ์จ ์ปคํŒจ์‹œํ„ฐ ์ถฉ๋ฐฉ์ „ ์ƒํƒœ๋Š” DCC๊ฐ€ ๋˜์–ด Cin1์€ 2/3ยทILS๋กœ ๋ฐฉ์ „ํ•˜๊ณ , Cin2๊ณผ Cin3์€ 1/3ยทILS๋กœ ์ถฉ์ „๋œ๋‹ค. 1/3ยทVin/n์˜ VAB๊ฐ€ DO1์„ ํ†ตํ•ด LO์— ์ธ๊ฐ€๋˜๊ณ  ILO๋Š” (1/3ยทVin/n-VO)/LO์˜ ์Œ์˜ ๊ธฐ์šธ๊ธฐ๋กœ ๊ฐ์†Œํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด ๋ชจ๋“œ๋Š” t6์—์„œ Vcmd ๊ทน์„ฑ์ด ์Œ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐ”๋€” ๋•Œ ๊นŒ์ง€ ๊ณ„์†๋œ๋‹ค. ์ด ๋ชจ๋“œ ์—ญ์‹œ ์•ž์„œ์˜ ๋ชจ๋“œ 5์™€ ๋งˆ์ฐฌ๊ฐ€์ง€๋กœ main ํŒŒ์›Œ๋ง ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„ ํ›„์— ์ถ”๊ฐ€๋œ ํŒŒ์›Œ๋ง ๊ตฌ๊ฐ„์— ํ•ด๋‹นํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ธธ์ด๋Š” d2E,BยทT/2์ด๋‹ค.

์ œ์•ˆํ•œ ์ปจ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ๋Š” ์–‘์˜ Vcmd ๋™์•ˆ ์ปคํŒจ์‹œํ„ฐ Cin1์€ ๊ณ„์† ๋ฐฉ์ „ํ•˜๊ณ , Cin3์€ ๊ณ„์† ์ถฉ์ „ํ•˜๋Š” ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ–๋Š”๋‹ค. DC/DC ์ปจ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ์˜ ๋Œ€์นญ์  ๋™์ž‘์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ๋‚จ์€ ์Œ์˜ Vcmd ๋ฐ˜ ์ฃผ๊ธฐ์˜ ๋™์ž‘์€ ์ด์ „ ๋ฐ˜ ์ฃผ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ์‰ฝ๊ฒŒ ์œ ์ถ”ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์Œ์˜ ๋ฐ˜ ์ฃผ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋๋‚˜๋ฉด ๋‹ค์‹œ ์–‘์˜ ๋ฐ˜ ์ฃผ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐ˜๋ณต๋œ๋‹ค. ์Œ์˜ ๋ฐ˜ ์ฃผ๊ธฐ์—์„œ์˜ ๋™์ž‘ ํŠน์„ฑ์€ ์–‘์˜ ๋ฐ˜ ์ฃผ๊ธฐ์—์„œ์™€ ๋Œ€์นญ์ ์ด๋ฏ€๋กœ ์„ค๋ช…์€ ์ƒ๋žตํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋‹ค๋งŒ, ์Œ์˜ ๋ฐ˜ ์ฃผ๊ธฐ๋™์•ˆ Cin1์€ ๊ณ„์† ์ถฉ์ „ํ•˜๊ณ , Cin3์€ ๊ณ„์† ๋ฐฉ์ „ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ œ์•ˆํ•œ ์ปจ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ๋Š” PAM ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ๊ธฐ์กด ์Šค์œ„์นญ ๋ ˆ๊ทธ๊ฐ„ ์œ„์ƒ ์ œ์–ด ๋ฐฉ์‹์˜ PSFB์™€ ์œ ์‚ฌํ•œ ๋™์ž‘ ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€์ง€๋งŒ, main ํŒŒ์›Œ๋ง ๊ตฌ๊ฐ„ ํ›„์— ์ถ”๊ฐ€์˜ ํŒŒ์›Œ๋ง ๊ตฌ๊ฐ„์ด ์กด์žฌํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌดํšจ ์ „๋ ฅ ์„ฑ๋ถ„์ด ํฌ๊ฒŒ ๊ฐ์†Œ๋œ ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ–๋Š”๋‹ค. ๋ฐ˜ ์ฃผ๊ธฐ ๋™์•ˆ A ํ˜น์€ B ์ƒ ์ค‘ ํ•œ ์ƒ์€ 3๋ฒˆ์˜ hard ์Šค์œ„์นญ์„ ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ, 4๋ ˆ๋ฒจ ํ† ํด๋กœ์ง€์˜ ๋‹จ์œ„ ์Šค์œ„์นญ ์ „์••์ด ๊ธฐ์กด 2๋ ˆ๋ฒจ ํ† ํด๋กœ์ง€ ๋Œ€๋น„ 1/3๋ฐฐ ๊ฐ์†Œํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์„ ๊ฐ์•ˆํ•˜๋ฉด ์ œ์•ˆํ•˜๋Š” ๋‹ค์ด์˜ค๋“œ ํด๋žจํ”„ 4๋ ˆ๋ฒจ ์ปจ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ์˜ ์Šค์œ„์นญ ์†์‹ค์ด ๊ธฐ์กด 2๋ ˆ๋ฒจ ํ† ํด๋กœ์ง€์™€ ๊ฑฐ์˜ ์œ ์‚ฌํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.

3.2 ์ „์•• ๊ฒŒ์ธ

ํ•œํŽธ, ์ถœ๋ ฅ ์ธ๋•ํ„ฐ์˜ ์ „์••ยท์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๊ณฑ์ด ์œ ์ง€๋œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ILO์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜๋ฉด nVO/Vin์˜ ์ž…์ถœ๋ ฅ ์ „์•• ์ „๋‹ฌ ์ด๋“์„ ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ๊ณ„์‚ฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. Vcmd > 0์ธ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, A ์ƒ ์ง€๋ น์น˜๋Š” ํ•ญ์ƒ LVR์—, B ์ƒ ์ง€๋ น์น˜๋Š” ํ•ญ์ƒ SVR์— ์œ„์น˜ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ, A/B ์ƒ์˜ ์ฐธ์กฐ ๋ฒกํ„ฐ๋“ค์˜ ๋“€ํ‹ฐ์‹์€ (6)๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ์–ป์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ๋Š” ๊ณ„์‚ฐ์˜ ํŽธ์˜๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ž‘์€ ๋“€ํ‹ฐ ๋ณด์ƒ์น˜ (dcomp12_3, dcomp1_23)๋Š” ๋ฌด์‹œํ•œ๋‹ค.

1) m > 0.5 & dloss > 2dE,X์ธ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ (๊ทธ๋ฆผ 6), ๋ชจ๋“œ 1 ~ ๋ชจ๋“œ 6์—์„œ์˜ ILO์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋Š” (7)๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค. iLO(t6)=iLO(t0)์ธ ์ ์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜๋ฉด, ์ž…์ถœ๋ ฅ ์ „์•• ์ „๋‹ฌ ์ด๋“์€ (8)๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ๊ณ„์‚ฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.

2) m > 0.5 & dE,A < dlossโ‰ค 2dE,X์ธ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ (๊ทธ๋ฆผ 7a), ILO์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์œ ์‚ฌํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ž…์ถœ๋ ฅ ์ „์•• ์ „๋‹ฌ ์ด๋“์€ (9)์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ๊ณ„์‚ฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.

3) m > 0.5 & dloss < dE,X์ธ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ (๊ทธ๋ฆผ 7b), ILO์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์œ ์‚ฌํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๊ณ„์‚ฐ๋œ ์ž…์ถœ๋ ฅ ์ „์•• ์ „๋‹ฌ ์ด๋“์€ (10)๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค.

4) 0.333 < m โ‰ค 0.5์ธ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ (๊ทธ๋ฆผ 7c), ๋ ˆ๊ทธ ์ถœ๋ ฅ ํŒŒํ˜• VAB๋Š” m โ‰ฅ 0.5์ธ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์™€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ณ„๋‹จ ์ „์•• ํ˜•ํƒœ (โ€œEโ€โ†’โ€œ2Eโ€โ†’โ€œEโ€โ†’โ€œ2Eโ€โ†’โ€œEโ€)๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ธ๋‹ค. ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ILO์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜๋ฉด (11)๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๊ณ , ์ „์••ยท์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๊ณฑ์ด ์œ ์ง€๋œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜๋ฉด ์ž…์ถœ๋ ฅ ์ „์•• ์ „๋‹ฌ ์ด๋“์€ (12)์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ๊ฒฐ์ •๋œ๋‹ค.

5) m โ‰ค 0.333์ธ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ (๊ทธ๋ฆผ 7d), ๋ ˆ๊ทธ ์ถœ๋ ฅ ํŒŒํ˜• VAB๋Š” m โ‰ฅ 0.5์ธ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, 0.333 < m โ‰ค 0.5์ธ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์™€ ๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ณ„๋‹จ ์ „์•• ํ˜•ํƒœ (โ€œEโ€โ†’โ€œ0โ€โ†’โ€œEโ€โ†’โ€œ0โ€โ†’โ€œEโ€)๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ธ๋‹ค. ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ILO์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜๋ฉด (13)๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๊ณ , ์ „์••ยท์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๊ณฑ์ด ์œ ์ง€๋œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜๋ฉด ์ž…์ถœ๋ ฅ ์ „์•• ์ „๋‹ฌ ์ด๋“์€ (14)์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ๊ฒฐ์ •๋œ๋‹ค.

๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ์ž‘์€ dloss๊ฐ’์„ ๋ฌด์‹œํ•˜๋ฉด ์ž…์ถœ๋ ฅ์€ ๋‹จ์ˆœ ๋น„๋ก€ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ด€๊ณ„์ž„์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 8์€ ์ œ์•ˆํ•œ ๋น„๋Œ€์นญ ์Šค์œ„์นญ ์ปจ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ „์•• ์ „๋‹ฌ ์ด๋“์„ dloss ์š”์†Œ๋ฅผ ๋ฌด์‹œํ•œ Ideal ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์™€ ์ด๋ฅผ ํฌํ•จํ•œ ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆผ์—์„œ ์ „์•• ์ „๋‹ฌ ์ด๋“๊ณผ m์˜ ์„ ํ˜• ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ํ™•์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.

(6)
../../Resources/kiee/KIEE.2024.73.6.1042/eq6.png
(7)
../../Resources/kiee/KIEE.2024.73.6.1042/eq7.png
(8)
../../Resources/kiee/KIEE.2024.73.6.1042/eq8.png
(9)
../../Resources/kiee/KIEE.2024.73.6.1042/eq9.png
(10)
../../Resources/kiee/KIEE.2024.73.6.1042/eq10.png
(11)
../../Resources/kiee/KIEE.2024.73.6.1042/eq11.png
(12)
../../Resources/kiee/KIEE.2024.73.6.1042/eq12.png
(13)
../../Resources/kiee/KIEE.2024.73.6.1042/eq13.png
(14)
../../Resources/kiee/KIEE.2024.73.6.1042/eq14.png

๊ทธ๋ฆผ 7. m๊ณผ dloss์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์ •์ƒ ์ƒํƒœ ๋™์ž‘ ํŒŒํ˜•: (a) m > 0.5 & dE,A < dlossโ‰ค 2dE,X, (b)m > 0.5 & dloss < dE,X, (c) 0.333 < m โ‰ค 0.5, and (d) m โ‰ค 0.333

Fig. 7. Steady-State operating waveforms according to the m and dloss: (a) m > 0.5 & dE,A < dlossโ‰ค 2dE,X, (b)m > 0.5 & dloss < dE,X, (c) 0.333 < m โ‰ค 0.5, and (d) m โ‰ค 0.333

../../Resources/kiee/KIEE.2024.73.6.1042/fig7-1.png

../../Resources/kiee/KIEE.2024.73.6.1042/fig7-2.png

๊ทธ๋ฆผ 8. ์ œ์•ˆํ•œ ๋น„๋Œ€์นญ ์Šค์œ„์นญ ์ปจ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ์˜ ์ „์•• ๊ฒŒ์ธ

Fig. 8. Voltage gains of proposed asymmetric switching converter

../../Resources/kiee/KIEE.2024.73.6.1042/fig8.png

4. ์ œ์•ˆํ•œ ๋น„๋Œ€์นญ ์Šค์œ„์นญ ์ปจ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ ํŠน์ง•

4.1 ๊ธฐ์กด ์ปจ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ ๋Œ€๋น„ ์žฅ์ 

์ œ์•ˆํ•œ ๋น„๋Œ€์นญ ์Šค์œ„์นญ ์ปจ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ๋Š” ๊ธฐ์กด ๊ณต์ง„ํ˜• ์ปจ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ์™€ PSFB ์ปจ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ ๋Œ€๋น„ ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์žฅ์ ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„๋‹ค. 1) ์ „์•• ์ „๋‹ฌ ์ด๋“์ด ์‚ผ๊ฐํ•จ์ˆ˜ ๊ฐ’๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ๊ณต์ง„ํ˜• ์ปจ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ์™€ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜์—ฌ ์ œ์•ˆ๋œ ์ปจ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ์—์„œ๋Š” ํŽ„์Šคํญ ๋ณ€์กฐ์ง€์ˆ˜ (m)์— ์„ ํ˜•์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋น„๋ก€ํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์ปจํŠธ๋กค๋Ÿฌ ๋งค๊ฐœ๋ณ€์ˆ˜์˜ ์„ค๊ณ„ ๋ฐ ์กฐ์ •์ด ์šฉ์ดํ•˜๋‹ค. 2) ๊ณต์ง„ํ˜• ์ปจ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ๋Š” ZVS ์กฐ๊ฑด์„ ๋งŒ์กฑ์‹œํ‚ค๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋‚ฎ์€ Lm ์„ค๊ณ„๋กœ ์ˆœํ™˜ ์ „๋ฅ˜๊ฐ€ ํฐ ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด์— ์ œ์•ˆํ•˜๋Š” ์ปจ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ๋Š” ์ด์™€ ๋ฌด๊ด€ํ•˜๋ฏ€๋กœ Lm์„ ํฌ๊ฒŒ ์„ค๊ณ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ˆœํ™˜ ์ „๋ฅ˜๋ฅผ ์–ต์ œํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. 3) ์ œ์•ˆํ•˜๋Š” ์ปจ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ๋Š” main ํŒŒ์›Œ๋ง ๊ตฌ๊ฐ„์— ์ด์–ด ๊ณ„๋‹จ ์ „์•• ๊ตฌ๊ฐ„์—์„œ ๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํŒŒ์›Œ๋ง ๊ตฌ๊ฐ„์ด ์žˆ์–ด ๊ธฐ์กด PSFB ์ปจ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ์˜ ํ”„๋ฆฌํœ ๋ง ๊ตฌ๊ฐ„์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ๋ฌดํšจ ์ „๋ฅ˜๋ฅผ ์ค„์ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์Šค์œ„์น˜ ๋ฐ ์ž์„ฑ์ฒด์— ํ๋ฅด๋Š” ์ „๋ฅ˜๋ฅผ ์ค„์ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.

4.2 ์บ๋ฆฌ์–ด ์„ค๊ณ„ ์œ ํ˜• ๋ฐ ์ปคํŒจ์‹œํ„ฐ ์ „์•• ํŽธ์ฐจ ์–‘์ƒ

์•ž์„œ ์–ธ๊ธ‰ํ•œ ๋ฐ”์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ์ œ์•ˆํ•˜๋Š” ๋น„๋Œ€์นญ ์Šค์œ„์นญ ์ปจ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ๋Š” ์บ๋ฆฌ์–ด ์„ค๊ณ„ ๋ฐฉ์‹์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ํฌ๊ฒŒ ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋กœ ๋‚˜๋‰œ๋‹ค. Vcmd๊ฐ€ ์Œ์—์„œ ์–‘์œผ๋กœ ๋ณ€ํ•  ๋•Œ, A ์ƒ์˜ ๊ณ„๋‹จ ์ „์•• ํ˜•ํƒœ๊ฐ€ โ€œ1โ€โ†’โ€œ2โ€โ†’โ€œ3โ€ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋กœ ๋ณ€ํ™”ํ•˜๋Š” Type I์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. Type I์€ Vcmd๊ฐ€ ์–‘์ผ ๋•Œ down ์บ๋ฆฌ์–ด, Vcmd๊ฐ€ ์Œ์ผ ๋•Œ up ์บ๋ฆฌ์–ด๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ๋‹ค. ํ•œํŽธ, Vcmd๊ฐ€ ์Œ์—์„œ ์–‘์œผ๋กœ ๋ณ€ํ•  ๋•Œ, A ์ƒ์˜ ๊ณ„๋‹จ ์ „์•• ํ˜•ํƒœ๊ฐ€ โ€œ3โ€โ†’โ€œ2โ€โ†’โ€œ1โ€ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋กœ ๋ณ€ํ™”ํ•˜๋ฉด Type II๊ฐ€ ๊ตฌํ˜„๋œ๋‹ค. Type II๋Š” Vcmd๊ฐ€ ์–‘์ผ ๋•Œ up ์บ๋ฆฌ์–ด, Vcmd๊ฐ€ ์Œ์ผ ๋•Œ down ์บ๋ฆฌ์–ด๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์บ๋ฆฌ์–ด ํ˜•ํƒœ ๋ชจ๋‘ ๋ถˆ์—ฐ์† ๋ณ€์กฐ ๊ธฐ๋ฒ• ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ MNRV์—์„œ Edge sag ํ˜•ํƒœ๋ฅผ ๋‹ด์€ ๋ ˆ๊ทธ ํŒŒํ˜•์„ ์ถœ๋ ฅํ•œ๋‹ค[18]. ๋‹ค๋งŒ, ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ์ œ์•ˆํ•œ ์ปจ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ๋Š” ๊ธฐ์กด์˜ ๋ถˆ์—ฐ์† ๋ณ€์กฐ ๊ธฐ๋ฒ• ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ sag ์œ ํ˜•๊ณผ ๋‹ค๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ํด๋žจํ•‘ ๋ชจ๋“œ (clamping mode, CM)๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ์—ฐ์† ๋ณ€์กฐ ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌํ˜„๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, ์Šค์œ„์นญ ํšŒ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ๋ถˆ์—ฐ์† ๋ณ€์กฐ ๊ธฐ๋ฒ• ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ Edge sag ์œ ํ˜• ๋Œ€๋น„ ๋”์šฑ ๊ฐ์†Œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ธฐ์กด์—๋Š” Vin1๊ณผ Vin3์˜ ํฌ๊ธฐ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ CM์„ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•˜๊ณ  ํ•œ ์ฃผ๊ธฐ ๋™์•ˆ์—๋Š” CM์„ ๊ณ ์ •ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ์ปคํŒจ์‹œํ„ฐ ์ „์•• ๋ณ€ํ™” ์–‘์ƒ์ด ํ•œ ์ฃผ๊ธฐ ๋™์•ˆ ์ง€์†๋˜๋Š” ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด์— ์ œ์•ˆํ•œ ๋น„๋Œ€์นญ ์Šค์œ„์นญ ์ปจ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ ๋ฐฉ์‹์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ทธ ์–‘์ƒ์ด ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 6๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด Vcmd์˜ ๊ทน์„ฑ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋‹ฌ๋ผ์ง€๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์ „์ฒด์ ์ธ ์ปคํŒจ์‹œํ„ฐ ์ „์•• ํŽธ์ฐจ๋ฅผ ๋”์šฑ ์ค„์ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค.

5. ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜

5 ์žฅ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ ์ œ์•ˆํ•œ ๋‹ค์ด์˜ค๋“œ ํด๋žจํ”„ 4๋ ˆ๋ฒจ ๋น„๋Œ€์นญ ์Šค์œ„์นญ ์ปจ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ์˜ ๋™์ž‘ ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ทธ ์œ ํšจ์„ฑ์„ ๊ฒ€์ฆํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ž…๋ ฅ ์ „์•• Vin=3000V, ์ถœ๋ ฅ ์ „๋ ฅ PO=100kW๊ธ‰ ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜ ์กฐ๊ฑด์€ ํ…Œ์ด๋ธ” 1๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ์™ธ ์ž…๋ ฅ ์ปคํŒจ์‹œํ„ด์Šค Cin=0.1mF, ์ถœ๋ ฅ ์ปคํŒจ์‹œํ„ด์Šค CO=5ฮผF์œผ๋กœ ์„ค์ •ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.

Table 1. Simulation condition

PO

[kW]

Vin

[V]

LS

[mH]

LO

[mH]

n

fsw

[kHz]

100

3000

0.2

1

1.5

10

๊ทธ๋ฆผ 10-๊ทธ๋ฆผ 12๋Š” ๊ฐ๊ฐ m=0.9, 0.4, 0.2์ผ ๋•Œ ๊ฐœ๋ฃจํ”„ ์ œ์–ด๋œ ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ธ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ์€ ์œ„์—์„œ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ Vcmd; GateA; GateB; Vin1, Vin2, Vin3; ILS; IDO, ILO; VAB, VLm; dcomp12_3, dcomp1_23; VO; IA_upper; IA_lower; IDCA; IB_upper; IB_lower; IDCB๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ธ๋‹ค. ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ IA_upper, IA_lower, IDCA๋Š” ๊ฐ๊ฐ A ์ƒ์˜ upper ์Šค์œ„์น˜ ์ „๋ฅ˜, lower ์Šค์œ„์น˜ ์ „๋ฅ˜, ํด๋žจํ”„ ๋‹ค์ด์˜ค๋“œ ์ „๋ฅ˜๋ฅผ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ๋‹ค. B ์ƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋„ ๋งˆ์ฐฌ๊ฐ€์ง€๋‹ค. ์„ธ ๊ฐ€์ง€ m ๊ฐ’์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ์•ž์„œ์˜ ๋ถ„์„๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ๊ณ ์œ ํ•œ ๋ ˆ๊ทธ ์ถœ๋ ฅ ํŒŒํ˜•์ด ๊ด€์ฐฐ๋œ๋‹ค. ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ๋Š” ์บ๋ฆฌ์–ด Type I์ด ์ ์šฉ๋จ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ A ์ƒ์˜ ๊ณ„๋‹จ ์ „์••์ด B ์ƒ์˜ ๊ณ„๋‹จ ์ „์•• ํ˜•ํƒœ๋ณด๋‹ค ์•ž์„ ๋‹ค. dloss ๊ตฌ๊ฐ„๊ณผ main ํŒŒ์›Œ๋ง ๊ตฌ๊ฐ„, ์ถ”๊ฐ€ ํŒŒ์›Œ๋ง ๊ตฌ๊ฐ„์ด ๊ด€์ฐฐ๋œ๋‹ค. ๋“€ํ‹ฐ ๋ณด์ƒ์น˜ (dcomp12_3, dcomp1_23)์€ 0.03๋ณด๋‹ค ์ž‘์€ ๊ฐ’์œผ๋กœ์จ ๊ด€์ฐฐ๋˜๊ณ , A ์ƒ๊ณผ B ์ƒ์— ์Šค์œ„์น˜ ๋ฐ ํด๋žจํ”„ ๋‹ค์ด์˜ค๋“œ์˜ ์ „๋ฅ˜ ์–‘์ƒ์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ด ์ปจ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ๋น„๋Œ€์นญ ์Šค์œ„์นญ ์ปจ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ๋ผ ๋ช…๋ช…ํ•œ ์ด์œ ๋ฅผ ํ™•์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. A, B ์ƒ ์ „๋ฅ˜์—์„œ ๋น„๋Œ€์นญ์ ์ธ ํŠน์„ฑ์ด ํ™•์ธ๋œ๋‹ค. A ์ƒ ๋ณด๋‹ค B ์ƒ์˜ ZVS ์กฐ๊ฑด์ด ์ˆ˜์›”ํ•จ์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. Type II๋ฅผ ์ ์šฉํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€์˜ ์–‘์ƒ์„ ๋ณด์ธ๋‹ค.

๊ทธ๋ฆผ 13์€ PO=50kWโ†’100kW๋กœ ๋ณ€ํ•  ๋•Œ ํ๋ฃจํ”„ ์ œ์–ด๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ธ๋‹ค. PO=50kW์ผ ๋•Œ Vampl=2432V์—์„œ, PO=100kW์ผ ๋•Œ Vampl=2574V๋กœ ์ƒ์Šนํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ์ถœ๋ ฅ ์ „์•• VO๋ฅผ ์ •์ „์•• ์ œ์–ดํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Œ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. Transient ๊ตฌ๊ฐ„์—์„œ์˜ DC-link ์ „์•• ํŽธ์ฐจ๋Š” ์ตœ๋Œ€ 3.5V ๋‚ด์™ธ๋กœ ์ž˜ ์ œ์–ด๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ณ , ๋“€๋”” ๋ณด์ƒ์น˜๋„ 0.06 ์ด๋‚ด๋กœ ์ ์ ˆํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ณ€ํ™”ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ „์•• ์•ˆ์ •ํ™” ์‹œ๊ฐ„์€ ์•ฝ 0.77ms ์ด๋‚ด๋กœ ๊ด€์ธก๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค.

๊ทธ๋ฆผ 9. ์บ๋ฆฌ์–ด ์„ค๊ณ„ ์œ ํ˜• ๋น„๊ต

Fig. 9. Comparison of two carrier types

../../Resources/kiee/KIEE.2024.73.6.1042/fig9.png

๊ทธ๋ฆผ 10. m=0.9์ผ ๋•Œ ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ

Fig. 10. Simulation results when m=0.9

../../Resources/kiee/KIEE.2024.73.6.1042/fig10.png

๊ทธ๋ฆผ 11. m=0.4์ผ ๋•Œ ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ

Fig. 11. Simulation results when m=0.4

../../Resources/kiee/KIEE.2024.73.6.1042/fig11.png

๊ทธ๋ฆผ 12. m=0.2์ผ ๋•Œ ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ

Fig. 12. Simulation results when m=0.2

../../Resources/kiee/KIEE.2024.73.6.1042/fig12.png

๊ทธ๋ฆผ 13. ํ๋ฃจํ”„ ์ œ์–ด ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ

Fig. 13. Simulation results of closed loop control

../../Resources/kiee/KIEE.2024.73.6.1042/fig13.png

6. ๊ฒฐ ๋ก 

๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์—์„œ๋Š” ํŽ„์Šค ํฌ๊ธฐ ๋ณ€์กฐ ๋ฐฉ์‹์˜ FB ๋‹ค์ด์˜ค๋“œ ํด๋žจํ”„ 4๋ ˆ๋ฒจ ๋น„๋Œ€์นญ ์Šค์œ„์นญ ์ปจ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์ œ์•ˆํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ œ์•ˆํ•œ ์ปจ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ๋Š” FB๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•˜๋Š” 2๊ฐœ์˜ HB์˜ ๋Œ€์นญ ์ œ์–ด๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์‰ฝ๊ฒŒ ๊ตฌํ˜„๋œ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์ปจ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ์— ์ ์šฉ๋œ 2๊ฐœ์˜ ๋Œ€์นญ HB ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ MNRVใ€€PWM ์›๋ฆฌ ๋ฐ ์„ค๊ณ„ ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ž์„ธํžˆ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ๋™์ž‘ ํŠน์„ฑ๊ณผ ์ „์•• ์ด๋“ ๋“ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ƒ์„ธ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ œ์•ˆํ•œ ์ปจ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ๋Š” ๊ธฐ์กด ๊ณต์ง„ํ˜• ์ปจ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ ๋Œ€๋น„ ์ œ์–ด๊ธฐ ํŒŒ๋ผ๋ฏธํ„ฐ ํŠœ๋‹์ด ์ˆ˜์›”ํ•˜๊ณ , Lm์„ ํฌ๊ฒŒ ์„ค๊ณ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌดํšจ ์ „๋ ฅ ์„ฑ๋ถ„์„ ๋‚ฎ์ถ”๋Š” ์žฅ์ ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๊ธฐ์กด PSFB ๋Œ€๋น„ main ํŒŒ์›Œ๋ง ๊ตฌ๊ฐ„ ์ด์™ธ์— ์ถ”๊ฐ€์˜ ํŒŒ์›Œ๋ง ๊ตฌ๊ฐ„์ด ์กด์žฌํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌดํšจ ์ „๋ฅ˜๋ฅผ ๋”์šฑ ์ค„์ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. 100kW ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋™์ž‘ ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ทธ ์œ ํšจ์„ฑ์„ ๊ฒ€์ฆํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ œ์•ˆํ•œ ์ปจ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ๋Š” ๊ณ ์ž…๋ ฅ ์ „์•• ์ „๋ ฅ ๋ณ€ํ™˜ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์— ์œ ์šฉํ•  ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ƒ๊ฐ๋œ๋‹ค.

Acknowledgements

๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ํ•œ๊ตญ์ฒ ๋„๊ธฐ์ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์› ์ฃผ์š”์‚ฌ์—…(๊ฐ€์ƒํ™”๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ํ†ตํ•ฉํ˜• ์ฒ ๋„์—ญ์‚ฌ ์Šค๋งˆํŠธ ์šด์˜๊ธฐ์ˆ  ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ, PK2403C1)๊ณผ ๊ตญํ† ๊ตํ†ต๋ถ€/๊ตญํ† ๊ตํ†ต๊ณผํ•™๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ง„ํฅ์›(๊ณผ์ œ๋ฒˆํ˜ธ RS-2022-00143874)์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋น„ ์ง€์›์œผ๋กœ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰๋˜์—ˆ์Œ.

This research was supported by a grant from R&D Program (Development of energy-integrated smart energy operation technology for railway stations based on virtualization technology, PK2403C1) of the Korea Railroad Research Institute and a grant funded by the Korea Government Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy (MOTIE) (2022 5500000110, Design and Analysis of AC/DC Hybrid Distribution Network).

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์ €์ž์†Œ๊ฐœ

์†ก๋ฏผ์„ญ(Min-Sup Song)
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He received the B.S., M.S. and Ph.D. degrees, in 2005, 2007 and 2011, respectively, from the Department of Electrical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Korea. He is currently a Senior Researcher with the Railroad Safety Division, Korea Railroad Research Institute, Uiwang, Korea. His research interests include the development of novel circuit topologies and suitable switching modulation techniques for high-power and high-voltage power conversion systems.

๊น€์žฌ์›(Jaewon Kim)
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He received the B.S., M.S. and Ph.D. degrees in electrical engineering from Korea University, Seoul, South Korea, in 2006, 2008, and 2018, respectively. He is currently a Principal Researcher with Korea Railroad Research Institute, Uiwang, South Korea. His research interests include onboard energy storage system for railway trains, traction power supply system analysis, and railway electric components reliability analysis.

์ •ํ˜ธ์„ฑ(Hosung Jung)
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He received a B.S and M.S. degrees in Electrical engineering from Sungkyunkwan University, Republic of Korea, in 1995 and 1998, respectively. He received a Ph.D. degree from the Electrical Electronic and Computer Engineering from Sungkyunkwan University in 2002. He is currently a chief Researcher with the Smart Electrical & Signaling Division, Korea Railroad Research Institute, Uiwang, South Korea.

๊น€ํ˜•์ฒ (Hyungchul Kim)
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He received his BS and MS degree in Electrical Engineering from Korea University, Seoul, Korea in February 1991 and in February 1993 respectively. He then worked for LG electronics Inc. for 6 years. He received a Ph.D. degree from TexasA&M University in August 2003. Currently, he is working for Korea Railroad Research Institute. His research area is traction power system and power system reliability.